Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What is the average blood pressure?
A
120/80 mmHg
2
Q
What does mmHg stand for?
A
Millimetres of mercury
3
Q
How many Korotkoff sounds are there?
A
5
4
Q
What two types of light does an oxygen saturation probe use?
A
Infrared & Red light
5
Q
Heart rate is also known as…
A
Cardiac output
6
Q
What is peripheral vascular resistance?
A
Arteries become wider/narrower when cardiac output increases
7
Q
How do you calculate cardiac output?
A
Heart rate x Stroke volume
8
Q
How do you calculate blood pressure?
A
Cardiac output X Peripheral resistance
9
Q
What is a Sphygmomanometer?
A
Blood pressure monitor
10
Q
What is the sinoatrial node?
A
Pacemaker of the heart
11
Q
Where is the sinoatrial node located?
A
Back wall of the right atrium
12
Q
What is the function of the atrioventricular node?
A
It carries impulses from the sinoatrial node
13
Q
Where is the atrioventricular node located?
A
In the right atrium where the left and right atria are divided by the septum
14
Q
What is the function of the atrioventricular bundle?
A
It carries the impulses to the apex of the heart, then along the purkinje fibres
15
Q
Where is the atrioventricular bundle located?
A
It extends from the atrioventricular node to the ventricular septum
16
Q
Where are the purkinje fibres located?
A
At the end of the atrioventricular bundle
17
Q
What is the function of the purkinje fibres?
A
It delivers impulses to myocardial cells, causing the ventricles to contract
18
Q
What is cardiac output?
A
Cardiac output = Volume of blood circulated in 1 minute, approx 5L/Min
19
Q
How is cardiac output calculated?
A
Heart rate X stroke volume
20
Q
What is Stroke Volume?
A
Volume pumped by the heart in a single heart beat - Approx 70ml in adults
21
Q
What is Tachycardia?
A
Fast heart rate >100bpm
22
Q
What is Bradycardia?
A
Slow heart rate < 60bpm
23
Q
What is hypotension?
A
Low blood pressure - Systolic below 80mmHg
24
Q
What is hypertension?
A
High blood pressure - above 140/90mmHg under 50 OR 160/95mmHg 50+
25
What is Ischaemic heart disease?
AKA Coronary artery disease - blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed
26
What is Cerebrovascular disease?
Conditions affecting blood flow and vessels in the brain e.g., stroke
27
What is peripheral vascular disease?
Reduced circulation of blood to a body part other than the brain or heart
28
What is aerobic respiration?
Main type of respiration - A chemical reaction that turns glucose & oxygen into energy
29
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + water + energy
30
What is anaerobic respiration?
It produces a small amount of energy very quickly, and occurs without oxygen e.g., running
31
What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose ---> lactic acid + energy
32
What is external respiration?
Gases in the atmosphere exchange with those in the lungs
33
What is internal respiration?
Gases in the blood exchange with those in the tissue cells
34
What four parts make up the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
35
What three parts make up the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
36
How much blood does an adult body contain?
5L or 8.8 Pints
37
What is the pH of blood?
7.4
38
Blood accounts for __ % of total body weight
7-8%
39
What is the percentage of plasma found in the blood?
55%
40
55% of blood is made up of plasma - what is the remaining 45% made up of?
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
41
What is the universal blood group?
Group O
42
Blood group A can receive which blood?
Group A + O
43
Blood group B can receive which blood group?
Group B + O
44
Blood group AB can receive which blood group?
Group A, B, AB, + O
45
Blood group O can receive which blood group?
O
46
Name 2 functions of blood
Carry oxygen + digested food + CO2 + hormones
Aid defence e.g, white blood cells
Carry antibodies
Regulate body temperature
Clotting mechanism
47
Plasma is what colour?
Straw coloured fluid
48
Red blood cells can be known by what 2 other names?
Erythrocytes + Red corpuscles
49
Where are red and white blood cells produced?
Bone Marrow
50
TRUE or FALSE: Red blood cells do not have a nucleus
True
51
What is the lifespan of red blood cells?
120 days
52
Describe the shape of red blood cells
Circular, biconcave
53
How is iron excreted?
Urine, faeces, skin & menstrual cycle
54
What are the 2 other names for white blood cells?
Leucocytes + white corpuscles
55
TRUE or FALSE: White blood cells DO have a nucleus
True
56
What is the lifespan of white blood cells?
12 - 21 days, however they can live up to 200 days
57
What does the term phagocytic mean?
Cells increase in number during infections to destroy organisms
58
What are granulocytes?
Granules squeezed into tissue spaces
59
What are lymphocytes?
Type of white blood cells that help to fight infection. Found in the spleen, lymph nodes & tonsils
60
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
61
Platelets help with what?
Clotting of the blood
62
Haemophillia, Von Willebrands and Christmas disease are caused by what?
Missing factor in coagulation
63
What are the two clotting substances in the blood?
Prothrombin & Fibrinogen
64
Where is the temporal pulse?
Ear
65
Where is the apical pulse?
Heart
66
Where is the facial pulse?
Chin
67
Where is the dorsalis pulse?
Front of foot
68
Where is the carotid pulse?
Trachea
69
Where is the posterior tibial pulse?
Ankle
70
Where is the brachial pulse?
Antecubital fossa
71
Where is the popliteal pulse?
Knee
72
Where is the ulnar pulse?
Side of wrist (pinky finger side)
73
Where is the radial pulse?
Thumb side of wrist
74
Where is the femoral pulse?
Groin
75
Inhaled atmospheric air contains how much of: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide?
Nitrogen - 79%
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon dioxide - 0.04%
76
Exhaled atmospheric air contains how much of: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide?
Nitrogen - 79%
Carbon dioxide - 4%
Oxygen - 16%
77
The pharynx connects what 3 structures?
Nose, mouth & larynx
78
How many lobes does the left lung have & what are they called?
2 lobes, superior and inferior
79
Which lung is smaller?
Left lung
80
How many lobes does the right lung have & what are they called?
3 lobes, superior, middle and inferior
81
What is the average maximum lung capacity?
6L
82
How is lung volume and capacity measured?
Spirometry
83
What is vital capacity?
Max amount of air inhaled or exhaled during the respiratory cycle
84
What is the ring of tonsillar tissues called?
Waldeyers ring
85
Waldeyers ring consists of what 4 parts?
Tubal tonsil
Adenoid
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
86
What structure contains the thyroid cartilage?
The larynx
87
Diastole is when the heart __ ?
Fills with blood
88
Systole is when the heart ___ ?
Pumps the blood
89
What 2 valves are on the left side of the heart?
Mitral & Aortic valve
90
What 2 valves are on the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid & Pulmonary valve
91
What are the two atrioventricular valves?
Mitral & Tricuspid valve
92
What are the 2 semilunar valves?
Pulmonary & Aortic valves
93
Systemic circulation occurs on which side of the heart?
Right side of the heart
94
Pulmonary circulation occurs on which side of the heart?
Left side of the heart
95
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
Epicardium - external layer
Myocardium - middle layer
Endocardium - inner layer
96
What takes place in the capillaries?
Gaseous exchange
97
Name the 3 layers of the arteries
Tunica externa - outer layer
Tunica media - middle layer
Tunica interna - inner layer
98
Coronary arteries supply blood to which organ?
The heart
99
The sinoatrial & atrioventricular nodes are supplied by what?
Right coronary arteries
100
How long does the cardiac cycle last?
0.8 seconds
101
What does the spleen filter?
Blood
102
INR stands for what?
International normalised ratio
103
What is an average INR number for a healthy patient taking no anticoagulants?
1.0 - 1.3
104
What is the average INR for a patient taking anticoagulation therapies?
2.0 - 3.0
105
What is the average pulse for an adult?
60 - 80bpm, 72 resting
106
What is the average respiration rate of an adult?
12 - 18 breaths per minute
107
What is the average tidal volume of an adult?
0.5L/500ml
108
What is the average residual volume of an adult?
1.1L
109
What is the average vital capacity of an adult?
4L
110
What does arterial blood contain?
Oxygenated blood
111
What does venous blood contain?
Deoxygenated blood
112
What is pernicious anaemia?
Reduction in red blood cells through lack of vitamin D
113
What is the weight range for an underweight BMI?
< 18.5
114
What is the weight range for a normal BMI?
18.5 - 24.9
115
What is the weight range for an overweight BMI?
25 - 30
116
What is the weight range for an extremely obese BMI?
> 40
117
What does BMI stand for?
Body Mass Index
118
What is a sphygmomanometer?
Manual Blood Pressure
119
If an object is inhaled, which lung is it more likely to fall into?
Right lung
120
What are the alveoli lined with?
Epithelial cells
121
How many layers does the pleura have?
Two - Inner and out later which is surrounded by the lungs, allowing expansion and contraction
122
What separates the chest and the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
123
What is asystole?
Absence of electrical activity in the heart
124
Which vein can be found at the antecubital fossa?
Median cubital vein
125
What is vital capacity?
Maximum amount of air a person can expel from their lungs at maximum exhalation - 3-5 litres
126
What is tidal volume?
Amount of gas inhaled & exhaled with each breath Approx 500ml
127
What is residual volume?
Amount of air that remains in lungs after fully exhaling 1200ml
128
What is dead space?
Amount of air inspired that does not take part in gaseous exchange 150ml
129
What is minute volume?
Volume of gas inhaled/exhaled per minute approx 6000ml/min
130
What are antiemetics?
Anti-sickness drugs
131
What does hepatic relate to?
Liver
132
What is a haematoma?
Solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues
133
What is extravasation?
Leakage of IV fluid into the tissue around the site of infusion
134
What is thrombosis?
Blood clot inside a blood vessel obstructing the blood flow
135
What is cyanosis?
Low oxygen levels that cause you to turn blue
136
What is capnography?
Measuring CO2 levels
137
What is bioavailability?
The rate that a drug is absorbed by the circulatory system
138
What is angiodema?
Swelling of deep tissue layers caused by build up of fluid - commonly seen in anaphylaxis
139
What is the difference between tonic and clonic?
tonic (stiff)
clonic (jerking)
140
What is pharmacokinetics?
What the body does to the drug
141
What is pharmacodynamics?
What the drug does to the body e.g. side effects
142
What is hypovolaemia?
Decreased volume of blood circulating the body
143
How many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry?
4
144
What is the oxygen disassociation curve?
It measures partial pressure of oxygen against oxygen saturations
145
What is low perfusion?
reduced blood flow in an area, e.g. cold hands
146
What is venous pulsation?
If the O2 sensor has been applied too tightly, it can cause low saturation readings and high heart rate readings
147
What is the average respiratory rate for a child age 6 - 12 years?
18 - 30
148
What is the average respiratory rate for a child age 12 - 18 years?
12 - 16
149
When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K5?
Silence
150
When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K1?
Tapping
151
When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K2?
Swishing
152
When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K3?
Crisp Sound
153
When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K4?
Blowing sound
154
What is emphysema?
Breakdown of alveoli tissue
155
Name a bronchodilator
Salbutamol
156
Which is the only artery in the body that transports deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
157
A heart murmur is caused by what?
Blood flowing the wrong way due to a defective valve
158
In an ECG, what does the 'P' wave represent?
Contraction of the atria
159
In an ECG, what does 'QRS' represent?
Contraction of the ventricles
160
In an ECG, what does the 'T' represent?
Recovery phase
161
Which artery is used to record blood pressure?
Brachial
