Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
tissues
A
a group of cells performing a common function
2
Q
epithelial tissues
A
functions as a covering of either the inside or outside of the body (e.g. skin or lining of digestive tract)
3
Q
connective tissue
A
many types-loose, dense, adipose, cartilage, bone, blood
general characteristics include connective tissue fibers (e.g. collagen) and the cells secreting materials such as ground substance (holds cells together)
4
Q
skeletal system function
A
protection, movement, mineral storage, production of blood
5
Q
osteoblasts
A
cells responsible for bone formation
6
Q
osteoclasts
A
cells responsible for breaking down bone to be re-formed
7
Q
bone formation
A
bone contains blood vessels and heals better than cartilage, which has no blood supply and needs nutrients to diffuse in
8
Q
axial skeleton
A
composed of the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage, which includes the ribs and sternum
9
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
the bones associated with the appendages
all of the bones not associated with the axial skeleton
10
Q
muscle function
A
movement in different directions
typically achieved by the action of pairs of antagonistic or opposing muscles
muscles contract (shorten) to relax
contraction requires calcium
11
Q
muscle fibers
A
bundles that make up muscles
12
Q
myofibrils
A
bundles that make up muscle fibers
composed of actin and myosin
13
Q
smooth muscle
A
lines the blood vessels and gastrointestinal tract
14
Q
striated muscle
A
includes skeletal muscle (movement) and cardiac muscle (pumps blood)
15
Q
nervous system
A
sensory functions and control movement
16
Q
sensory functions
A
sending and processing sensory information (e.g. hearing, seeing, touch, etc.)
17
Q
controlling movement
A
sending signals to muscles to make them move
18
Q
neuron
A
basic unit (cell) of the nervous system consists of a cell body, axon, and branching dendrites
19
Q
axon
A
signal conduction
sometimes wrapped in myelin which prevents signal loss
20
Q
dentrites
A
branch out at the end which increase the area for connecting to other neurons of muscle
21
Q
the synapse
A
the place where signal transmission occurs
a junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a muscle
22
Q
neurotransmitters
A
chemicals which are stored in the synapse (in vesicles) and then released to send a signal to the next cell
23
Q
acetylcholine
A
neurotransmitter
binds to acetylcholine receptors on the receiving cell
24
Q
central nervous system
A
consists of the brain and spinal cord
25
meninges
a covering of the central nervous system
| surrounds the brain and spinal cord
26
peripheral nervous system
everything that isn't in the central nervous system
peripheral nerves run to and from the central nervous system
the 2 types of peripheral nerves are sensory and motor
27
autonomic nervous system
involuntary (you don't have to think about these)
e.g. control of heart beat, digestion, breathing
usually involves smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
28
somatic nervous system
voluntary- you control this
usually involves skeletal muscle
can be subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
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sympathetic
usually accelerates things (e.g. heart rate)
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parasympathetic
usually slows things down
31
reflexes
certain movements involve sensory information which is not processed by the brain
reflexes are faster because a signal does not have to be sent up to and then return from the brain
processing takes place in a region of the spinal cord
32
the brain
composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
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cerebrum
its functions are processing sensory information and memory
34
cerebellum
receives information from muscles and sensory receptors
| controls balance and coordinated movement
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brain stem
controls many autonomic functions such as breathing and heart beat
36
eye
composed of cornea, lens, iris, retina, and optic nerve
37
cornea
front surface of the eye
38
lens
located within the anterior chamber of the eye
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iris
controls the amount of light passing through the lens
40
retina
located on the posterior surface of the eye
| rods and cones in the retina detect light
41
optic nerve
sends signals to the brain
42
outer ear
collects sound and sends it to the ear drum through the auditory canal
43
middle ear
separated from the outer ear by the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
vibrations picked up by tympanic membrane get passed through a series of small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes)
connected to the pharynx (throat) by the Eustachian tube (auditory tube)
functions to equalize pressure
44
inner ear
made up of cochlea and 3 semicircular canals
45
cochlea
processes sound and sends the information down the auditory nerve
46
semicircular canals
function is to balance or create dynamic equilibrium
47
blood
circulatory system
transports wastes, nutrients, and oxygen
composed of plasma, erythrocytes, and leukocytes
48
plasma
fluid portion of blood
| contains water, proteins, and electrolytes
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erythrocytes
red blood cells
carry oxygen via the transport protein hemoglobin
old red blood cells are removed in the liver and spleen
50
leukocytes
white blood cells
most function in the immune system to protect the body against disease
some (platelets) are involved in blood clotting
51
blood circulation
heart --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary --> venule --> vein --> back to heart
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capillaries
thinnest and most numerous blood vessels
53
arteries
largest blood vessels
| have a muscular wall
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pulmonary circulation
takes blood from the heart to the lungs and back
55
oxygen poor blood (pulmonary)
right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
| **most ARTERIES contain oxygen RICH blood, this is the exception
56
oxygen rich blood (pulmonary)
returns from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary vein, enters the left atrium and then goes to the left ventricle
**most VEINS contain oxygen POOR blood, this is the exception
57
systemic circulation
takes blood from the heart to the body and back
58
oxygen poor blood (systemic)
returns from the body to the right atrium
59
oxygen rich blood (systemic)
left ventricle pumps it to the body via the aorta (largest vessel with the highest pressure)
60
respiratory system
brings in O2 and gets rid of CO2
61
upper respiratory tract
consists of nasal cavity, sinuses, middle ear, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and the larynx (voice box)
62
lower respiratory tract
consists of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm
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trachea
wind pipe
64
bronchi
the trachea branches into 2 major branches call bronchi, each of which lead into a lung
65
bronchioles
bronchi branch into these smaller tubes
66
alveoli
the air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
gas exchange takes place here
fragile structures, only 1 cell thick for gas exchange
67
diaphragm
a sheet of muscle that marks the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
negative pressure breathing-diaphragm drops down and creates a vacuum in the thoracic cavity which sucks in air
68
gas exchange at alveoli
takes place by diffusion
| CO2 diffuses out of the blood stream and O2 diffuses in
69
endocrine system
controls a wide range of bodily functions-metabolism, growth, reproduction, temperature
70
hormones
chemical messengers used in endocrine system
| tropic hormones affect endocrine glands
71
steroidal hormones
produced mainly by the testes, ovaries and adrenal glands
| estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone
72
non-steroidal (peptide) hormones
all other hormones
73
endocrine cells and glands
produce hormones which travel through the blood stream to the target organ(s) and have a specific effect on them
include hypothalamus, pituitary gland, TSH, FSH, LH, and pineal gland
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hypothalamus
produces various hormones which effect the pituitary gland
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pituitary gland
produces growth hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
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FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
| controls ovulation, menstrual cycle, and sperm production
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LH
luteinizing hormone
| controls ovulation, menstrual cycle, and sperm production
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pineal gland
melatonin- influences biological clock
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thyroid
thyroxin influences metabolism
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parathyroid
parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca
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adrenal glands
cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepherine
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cortisol
raises blood pressure, reduces immune function
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aldosterone
regulates Na/K balance in the blood
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epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepherine
fight or flight response to stress and acetylcholine
86
pancreas
produces insulin and glucagon for glucose metabolism
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ovary
estrogen- regulates menstrual cycle and reproductive system
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testes
testosterone- promotes tissue growth and regulates the reproductive system
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digestive system
functions in digesting food, metabolizing food, and excreting waste
90
digestive enzymes
amylase and proteases
91
amylase
enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch
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proteases
enzymes that break down protein
| present in saliva and gastric secretions
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components of digestive system
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, doudenum, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
94
mouth
teeth start the mechanical break down of food
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salivary glands
saliva starts the digestive process (via salivary enzymes)
saliva also acts as a lubricant
parotid is the largest of the salivary glands
96
pharynx
throat
| food passes through here from the mouth to the esophagus
97
esophagus
muscular tube which leads to the stomach
| esophageal sphincter-a valve that separates it from the stomach
98
stomach
has a muscular wall lined with mucus
| contains gastric enzymes and acid (pH=1) for breaking down food
99
doudenum
first portion of the intestine after the stomach
| separated from stomach by the duodenal sphincter
100
small intestine
ilium
this is where the majority of digestion and nutrient absorption take places
the surface is covered with thousands of finger-like projections called villi
villi increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
101
peristalsis
movement of material through the intestines is achieved by these musclar contractions
102
large intestine
```
colon
waste is produced here
water is absorbed
removal produces feces or stool
final portion of the large intestine is the rectum
```
103
liver
important for metabolism
involved in the production and breakdown of proteins
produces and breaks down glycogen which is involved in sugar metabolism
breaks down toxins
104
gallbladder
releases bile into the duodenum
| bile is responsible for breaking down fats
105
pancreas
produces insulin which is involved in glucose metabolism
106
excretory system
removes waste and retains materials the body needs
| contains the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
107
kidneys
major excretory organ
have massive amounts of blood flowing through them all the time
remove waste from the blood stream
108
glomeruli
the site in the kidney where filtration occurs
process involves active transport to eliminate the materials that are not wanted by the body (e.g. urea) while reabsorbing those that are wanted (e.g. glucose, Na+, and water)
109
ureters
tubes which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
110
bladder
site for storage of urine
111
urethra
urine flows to the outside from the bladder by way of the urethra
