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Cell Biology Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

cell membrane

A

holds in the internal contents of the cell and regulates what gets into and out of the cell

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2
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

2 layers of phospholipids
flexible
fluid mosaic model

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3
Q

cholesterol

A

integral part of the cell membrane

keeps it flexible

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4
Q

membrane proteins

A

associated with the membrane
some on the outside, some on the inside, and some are transmembrane proteins
functions: act as receptors, act as channels for ions and other materials to cross the membrane, signal across the membrane

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5
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport

molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration to reach equilibrium

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6
Q

osmosis

A

passive transport

movement of water across cell membrane

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7
Q

isotonic

A

equal salt concentration inside and outside the cell

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8
Q

hypotonic

A

salt concentrations outside the cell are less than those inside the cell
water moves inside the cell
cell will swell and may burst

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9
Q

hypertonic

A

salt concentrations outside the cell are greater than those inside the cell
water will move outside the cell
cell will shrink

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10
Q

active transport

A

requires energy-ATP
transmembrane proteins act as pumps
brings materials into the cell or pump out materials such as ions to maintain unequal concentrations (e.g. K+ and NA+ inside and outside neurons)

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11
Q

endocytosis

A

bringing something into the cell across the membrane

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12
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

allows the cell to bring in specific materials that it needs
molecule binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell that triggers the receptor and the material bound to it will be brought in through the cell membrane to the inside of the cell

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13
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs solid material and brings it in through the cell membrane and breaks it down

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14
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell engulf liquid material

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15
Q

exocytosis

A

something from the inside of the cell is released to the outside

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid or gel inside the cell

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

very small
made of 2 circular subunits
found free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
make proteins

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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

stack of folded interconnected membranes
start at the edge of the nuclear membrane
rough-covered with ribosomes to make protein
smooth-make lipids

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19
Q

golgi aparatus

A

series of stacked, folded membranes (smaller than ER)
adds sugar to molecules
packages material for movement to another part of the cell or release from the cell (material is placed in a vesicle then moved elsewhere)

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20
Q

lysosomes

A

small, rounded, membrane-bound structures

contain digestive enzymes and other molecules to break down things ingested by the cell

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21
Q

vacuoles

A

membrane-bound bubble within a cell that stores something

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22
Q

mitochondria

A

kidney-shaped, contain highly infolded internal membranes called cristae
produce ATP

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23
Q

cristae

A

sides for metabolic enzymes to attach and function

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24
Q

chloroplasts

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A

specialized structure for carrying out photosynthesis

contain chlorophyll

25
cytoskeleton
group of different protein strands- microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments internal skeleton provides structure for cell moves materials from place to place within the cell moves the cell
26
nucleus
composed of nuclear membrane and chromosomes
27
nuclear membrane
membrane that surrounds the chromosomes | in it are nuclear pores (small holes that allow material to pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm)
28
chromosome
strand of DNA and protein | exists in a highly coiled state- supercoiled
29
mitosis
occurs in somatic cells diploid-2 chromosomes in pairs (2n) replication of nucleus phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase
30
prophase
cell prepares to divide | nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle apparatus forms
31
metaphase
the 2 sets of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
32
anaphase
the 2 sets of chromosomes move apart to opposite ends
33
telophase
the nucleus reforms and the spindle apparatus breaks down
34
interphase
period between cell mitosis
35
the cell cycle
phases a cell goes through | mitosis, growth, or DNA duplication
36
meiosis
occurs in reproductive cells (germ cells, sperm and egg) | haploid-single chromosome (1n)
37
cytokinesis
replication of the rest of the cell (cytoplasm and organelles)
38
cell metabolism
all of the various biochemical rections taking place in a cell anabolism and catabolism
39
anabolism
building things up from smaller components or subunits
40
catabolism
breaking molecules down
41
enzymes
carry out all of the metabolic reactions in a cell | each is specific for a single reaction
42
catalyst
lower energy needed for the reaction to happen
43
substrate
the substance the enzyme acts upon | highly specific binding and depends on the shapes of the substrate and the enzymes active site
44
coenzyme
organic needed by some enzymes to function vitamins (fat soluble-A,E,D,K and water soluble-C and B)
45
cofactor
inorganic mineral needed by some enzymes to function
46
feedback inhibition
the amount of product produced is a signal that will shut down the enzyme
47
ATP
nucleotide used for energy transfer or short-term storage transfer from places it's made to places it's needed cleaving off one phosphate (ADP + P) releases energy adding a phosphate restores energy continually created and broken down in a cell
48
aerobic respiration
catabolism glucose and oxygen are input to make CO2 and H2O (waste) makes energy in the form of ATP involves glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and respiration of proteins and lipids
49
glycolysis
catabolism first step glucose broken into 2 3-carbon acids (pyruvic acid) 2 ATPs are made
50
Kreb's Cycle
catabolism citric acid cycle 2 3-carbon molecules made from glycolysis are broken and released as CO2 and 2 ATPs
51
oxidative phosphorylation
catabolism electron transport majority of ATP made in final step, H+ is added to oxygen and water is made
52
respiration of proteins & lipids
catabolism | all other molecules: proteins, lipids, and other carbs are fed into some stage of this pathway
53
anaerobic respiration
doesn't require O2 | use a different terminal acceptor in place of oxygen (sulfur or carbon)
54
fermentation
anaerobic respiration involves glycolysis and other steps DOES NOT go on the kreb's cycle or electron transport chain less efficient than aerobic, only produces 2 ATP and various organic end products
55
photosynthesis
anabolism sun is source of energy used to build organic molecules CO2 and H2O are input and O2 is waste 2 phases: light and dark reaction
56
light reaction
light is required generates ATP chlorophyll and accessory pigments are needed to trap the energy from different wavelengths of sunlight water is split, protons passed through electron transport chain to generate ATP, oxygen is waste
57
dark reaction
calvin-benson cycle light no required ATP generated from light reaction is used with CO2 to make sugars and other molecules
58
chemosynthesis
unusual of anabolism carried out by certain bacteria photosynthesis without the sun involves tapping into the energy of certain chemical reactions

PCAT (11 decks)

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