Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The maintenance of a stable internal environment that allows the cells and tissues to normally function.

Question 2

T of F: Men and women do not vary in terms of a “normal” physiological measurements.

Answer 2

False. Men and women do vary. Women also individually vary!

Question 3

Positive feedback loops

Answer 3

Move the body farther away from homeostasis until a particular state is achieved. Ex: childbirth, blood clotting.

Question 4

Negative feedback loops

Answer 4

Maintain the body at a “normal” level. Ex: body temperature.

Question 5

Define: “The Nervous System”

Answer 5

The parts of the body that help you relay messages throughout the body by using electrical impulses.

Question 6

What does the Nervous System include?

Answer 6

Brain, spine, nerves.

Question 7

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Answer 7

The “nerve cell,” which communicates with chemical signals called “neurotransmitters.”

Question 8

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

Answer 8

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 9

What does the central nervous system include?

Answer 9

Brain and spine.

Question 10

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

Answer 10

Sensory and motor nerves.

Question 11

What do sensory nerves do?

Answer 11

Take information in.

Question 12

What do motor nerves do?

Answer 12

Send information out.

Question 13

What are the 2 subcategories of motor nerves?

Answer 13

Voluntary and automatic.

Question 14

Define: voluntary motor muscle.

Answer 14

Conscious control of skeletal muscles.

Question 15

Define: autonomic motor nerves.

Answer 15

Unconscious control of smooth muscle, organs, and glands. Includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Question 16

Define sympathetic

Answer 16

“Fight of flight”

Question 17

Define parasympathetic

Answer 17

“Rest and digest”

Question 18

Define: Endocrine System

Answer 18

Communicates with hormones between organ systems. Hormones interact with cells through specific receptors outside and inside the cell. Typically involve negative feedback loop mechanisms.

Question 19

What does the endocrine system include?

Answer 19

Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovary, testis.

Question 20

Define: Integumentary System.

Answer 20

Provides a barrier from the outside world. It protects against thermal, chemical, and/or physical injury, is waterproof, sensory and is what gives you your outside appearance.

Question 21

Define: Skeletal System

Answer 21

Your bones. It provides support, leverage, storage of minerals and fats, protection, and is the production sight for blood cells.

Question 22

What do bones primarily consist of?

Answer 22

1/3 collagen, 2/3 hydroxyapatite minerals, and small amounts of cells called osteoblasts and osteocytes.

Question 23

Osteoblasts

Answer 23

Build bone

Question 24

Osteocytes

Answer 24

Maintain bone.

Question 25

Define: Muscular System.

Answer 25

Provides movement.

Question 26

What does the muscular system include?

Answer 26

Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscle.

Question 27

Skeletal muscles do what?

Answer 27

Move bones voluntarily.

Question 28

What do smooth muscles do?

Answer 28

Line blood vessels and organ walls, involuntary.

Question 29

What do cardiac muscles do?

Answer 29

Makes up the heart. These spontaneously contract.

Question 30

Define: Cardiovascular System

Answer 30

Distributes oxygen, nutrients, hormones, etc throughout the body and transports waste.

Question 31

What does the cardiovascular system include?

Answer 31

The heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Question 32

Define: Lymphatic System

Answer 32

Carries lymph through the body. Collects fluids and travels through lymph nodes. Closely intermingled with the "Immune System." NEED TO ADD MORE INFO.

Question 33

Define: Immune System.

Answer 33

Protects your body against pathogens through nonspecific and specific defenses.

Question 34

Nonspecific defenses

Answer 34

Attack pathogens that involve physical and chemical barriers, fever, etc.

Question 35

Specific defenses

Answer 35

Attack individual pathogens based on immunology memory. Antibodies, T-cells.

Question 36

Define: Respiratory System

Answer 36

Moves air in and out of lungs; also controls verbal communication and sense of smell.

Question 37

What does the Respiratory System consist of?

Answer 37

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Question 38

What is the vital lung capacity for men?

Answer 38

4.8 L

Question 39

What is the vital lung capacity for women?

Answer 39

3.1 L

Question 40

Define: Digestive System

Answer 40

Absorbs food nutrients and removes waste.

Question 41

The digestive system includes what?

Answer 41

Mouth, teeth, saliva, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas, gall bladder, liver.

Question 42

Childbearing women require more of what 3 nutrients?

Answer 42

Iron, calcium, and folic acid.

Question 43

Define: Urinary System

Answer 43

Removes water-soluble wastes from blood.

Question 44

What does the Urinary System include?

Answer 44

Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra.

Question 45

The urination function is coordinated by what 2 things?

Answer 45

The internal and external sphincters.

Question 46

What is the healthy body fat percentage range for women?

Answer 46

12-32%

Question 47

What is the healthy body fat distribution percentage for men?

Answer 47

5-25%

Question 48

Where is the most of a woman's body fat distributed?

Answer 48

In her hips, thighs, and buttocks--these help to protect a baby).

Question 49

Where is the most of a man's body fat distributed?

Answer 49

The abdomen and chest.