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Flashcards in Anatomy / Physiology Deck (41)
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1
Q

Describe the TONSIL size classification according to the BRODSKY scale

A

Degree 0: Tonsils have been
Removed

Degree 1: Tonsil size is less than 25% of the
Oropharynx

Degree 2: Tonsil size is 25-50% of the
Oropharynx

Degree 3: Tonsil size is 50-75% of the
Oropharynx

Degree 4: Tonsil size is more than 75% of the
Oropharynx

2
Q
What two (or three) anatomical features would find in someone with VAN DER WOUDE syndrome?
What makes it distinct?

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦
🕳

A

VAN DER WOUDE SYNDROME
(VDWS)

a GENETIC disorder characterized by the combination of;

  1. LOWER LIP PITS
  2. CLEFT LIP

with or without CLEFT PALATE (CL/P), and cleft palate only (CPO)*

VWS is distinct from other clefting syndromes due to the combination of cleft lip and palate (CLP) and CPO within the SAME FAMILY. (AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT)

The worldwide disease incidence ranges from 1:100,000 to 1:40,000.

3
Q

What does the THYMUS do?

T🔘

A

“T” for ”Thymus.”

The thymus controls the DEVELOPMENT and MATURATION of one kind of lymphocyte, the T-LYMPHOCYTE 🔘

The SIZE of the thymus AFFECTS the NUMBER of T-lymphocytes that can develop. Patients with a small thymus produce fewer T-lymphocytes than those with a normally sized thymus

Patients with DIGEORGE SYNDROME may have poor T-cell production compared to their peers.

It is normally located in the upper area of the front of the chest behind the breastbone. The thymus begins its development high in the neck during the first three months of fetal development. As the thymus matures and gets bigger, it drops down into the chest to its ultimate location UNDER the BREASTBONE and in FRONT of the HEART.

4
Q

Perikymata🦷

A

PERIKYMATA 🦷

  • incremental GROWTH LINES that appear on the surface of tooth enamel as a series of linear grooves.
  • takes approximately 6–12 DAYS to form.
  • expression of STRAIE of RETZIUS at the surface of enamel.
  • They can be found on all teeth, but are usually the easiest to notice on anterior teeth (incisors and canines).
5
Q

Dental Pellicle 🦷

A

The DENTAL PELLCLE, or acquired pellicle

  • a PROTEIN FILM that forms on the surface enamel by selective binding of GLYCOPROTEINS from SALIVA
  • PREVENTS continuous deposition of salivary CALCIUM PHOSPHATE.
  • It forms in SECONDS after a tooth is cleaned or after chewing.
  • It PROTECTS the tooth from the ACIDS produced by oral microorganisms after consuming carbohydrates.

Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.*

6
Q

Hydroxyapatite 🦷 is comprised of what two primary compounds?

A

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE

The OH− ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system.

The majority of the ENAMEL and DENTIN in your teeth is made from a form of hydroxyapatite
tooth

ENAMEL consists of about 97% HYDROXYAPATITE, 1.5 percent water and 1.5 percent collagen and other proteins.

DENTIN is 70% HYDROXYAPATITE

7
Q

on a MAXILLARY periapical, it appears as 2 small, round RADIOLUCENCIES superior to the APICIES of the max. CENTRAL incisors

A

SUPERIOR FORAMINA

Contains the descending palatine artery and the NASOPALATINE nerve.

The nasopalatine canal splits superiorly with an opening in the right and left nasal cavities

8
Q

on a MANDIBULAR periapical, this appears as a small, oval or round RADIOLUCENT area located in the apical region BETWEEN the PREMOLARS

A

MENTAL FORAMEN

9
Q

on a MANDUBULAR periapical, this appears as a dense RADIOPAQUE BAND that extends downward and forward in the mand. MOLAR REGION. May appear to be continuous with the internal oblique ridge

A

MYLOHYOID RIDGE

10
Q

Hamulus/Hamular process

A

The pterygoid hamulus is a hook-like process at the lower extremity of the MEDIAL PTERYGOID plate of the SPHENOID bone. Around it glides the tendon of the tensor veli palatini. As well, it is the superior origin of the PTERYGOMANDIBULAR raphe.

ON RADIOGRAPHIC MAXILLARY PA

RADIOPAQUE hooklike projection POSTERIOR to the MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY

11
Q

Nutrient Canals?

A

Nutrient canals are anatomic structures of the alveolar bone through which NEUROVASCULAR ELEMENTS transit to supply teeth and supporting structures.

RADIOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION

On a Maxillary or Mandibular PA, appears as a NARROW RADIOLUCENT band. They are more VERTICAL in the MANDIBULAR.

12
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

the TRICUSPID VALVE has three flaps (leaflets) that open and close, allowing blood to flow from the RIGHT ATRIUM to the RIGHT VENTRICLE in your heart and preventing blood from flowing backward.

“R” tRicuspid/Right

13
Q

Mitral Valve?

Prolapse?

A

The MITRAL VALVE also known as the BICUSPID valve or left atrioventricular valve, is a valve with two flaps in the heart that lies between the LEFT ATRIUM and the LEFT VENTRICLE.

“L” -mitraL/Left

Mitral valve PROLAPSE is a common cause of a heart MURMUR caused by a “LEAKY” heart valve. Most cases of mitral valve prolapse are not serious and only need to be monitored.

Mitral valve prolapse can run in FAMILIES and may be linked to several other conditions, such as:

Marfan syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Ebstein's anomaly
Muscular dystrophy
Graves' disease
Scoliosis
14
Q

DENTAL EROSION

A

DENTAL EROSION

  • Dental erosion is the MOST common CHRONIC disease of children ages 5–17.
  • Acid erosion begins initially in the enamel, causing it to become thin, and can progress into dentin, giving the tooth a DULL YELLOW appearance and leading to dentin HYPERSENSITIVITY.
  • The MOST common cause of erosion is by ACIDIC foods and drinks. In general, foods and drinks with a pH below 5.0–5.7.
  • FRUIT JUICES in particular, may prolong the drop in pH levels.
  • Teeth will begin to appear with a BROAD ROUNDED CONCAVITY, and the gaps between teeth will become larger.
15
Q

PERIMOLYSIS

A

PERIMOLYSIS

-the process whereby GASTRIC ACID from the stomach comes into contact with the TEETH 🦷, causing INTRINSIC dental EROSION.

This is often secondary to conditions:

  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Bulimia nervosa
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Rumination syndrome.

The main cause of GERD is INCREASES ACID production by the STOMACH.

Self-induced VOMITING 🤮 increases the risk of dental erosion by a factor of 5.5 compared to healthy controls. Lesions are most commonly found on the PALATAL surfaces of the teeth, followed by the occlusal and then the buccal surface

16
Q

What is the KEELS-COFFIELD scale?

A

The Keels-Coffield Scale of dental erosion breaks down erosion into 4 categories of severity.

Level 0: NO Erosion

Level 1: MILD
Only the cusp TIPS are affected; shallow “moon craters”

  • If the child confirms a positive history of GERD symptoms, refer to his/her pediatrician or a GI specialist for testing and management.
  • If there is no dental sensitivity, routine fluoride applications and sealants may be adequate.
  • If dental sensitivity occurs, protect teeth with occlusal composite resin build-ups.
  • take photographs to monitor progression

Level 2: MODERATE
Deep “moon craters” or depressions are present and may coalesce.

-Same recommendations as for MILD erosions, however, teeth with MODERATE erosions will require occlusal composite resin build-ups or SSC’s to protect against further loss of tooth structure.

LEVEL 3: SEVERE
Teeth are slick with little or no anatomy present; possible pulpal exposures

-Same recommendations for MILD and MODERATE erosions, however teeth with SEVERE erosions may require pulp therapy or extraction (if non- restorable)

17
Q

PARATHYROID

A

PARATHYROID

Parathyroid glands control the amount of CALCIUM in our BLOOD. They regulate blood calcium by secreting a hormone called PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) in response to blood calcium levels.

Everyone has FOUR parathyroid GLANDS, usually located right around the thyroid gland at the base of the neck.

About 1 in 100 people (1 in 50 women over 50) will develop a parathyroid gland tumor during their lifetime, causing a disease called “hyperparathyroidism”.

18
Q

GABA receptors?

What influences them?

A

GABA/GABA receptors

The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the NEUROTRANSMITTER gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief INHIBITORY compound in the mature vertebrate CENTRAL NERVOUS system.

The two receptors GABA-α and GABA-ρ are ion channels that are permeable to CHLORIDE ions which REDUCES NEURONAL EXCITABILITY.

A GABA receptor AGONIST is a drug that is an agonist for one or more of the GABA receptors, producing typically SEDATIVE effects, and may also cause other effects such as anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant effects.

💊💊💊

  1. BENZODIAZEPINES: Valium, Versed
  2. CHLORAL HYDRATE
  3. NITROUS OXIDE
  4. PROPOFOL
  5. SEVOFLURANE
19
Q

What does the LATERAL PTERYGOID muscle do?

A

LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE

A small, thick muscle located on each side of the skull that assists with MASTICATION (chewing).

This muscle functions to MOVE the LOWER JAW:

  1. FORWARD (ANTERIORLY)
    2 DOWN
  2. SIDE TO SIDE (LATERALLY))

which are all movements of the lower jaw that assist in chewing food.

20
Q

What are Sibilant or Linguoalveolar sounds?

How are they produced?

A

SIBLANT / LINGUOALVELOLAR SOUNDS

-Involve contact between the TIP of the TONGUE 👅 and the ANTERIOR PALATE OR LINGUAL SURFACES of the ANTERIOR TEETH 🦷

Examples of sibilants are the CONSONANTS at the beginning of the English words sip, zip, ship, and genre

AIR is PUSHED past the tongue to make a HISSING sound. In English s, z, sh, and zh (the sound of the s in “pleasure”) are sibilants.

21
Q

The tongue is innervated by?

👅

A

TONGUE 👅 INNERVATION

CHORDA TYMPANI  (branch of FACIAL nerve)
-special sensory fibres to the ANTERIOR  2/3 tongue and parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular and sublingual glands.

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL nerve (CN IX)

POSTERIOR 1/3 of tongue: Taste and sensation- via a mixture of special and general visceral afferent fibers

22
Q

Which PULP HORN of a PRIMARY root is most exposed during a Cavity Preparation?

A

MESIO-BUCCAL

23
Q

What does Acetylcholine do?

🧪

🏋️‍♀️🥺😴

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

NEUROTRANSMITTER 🧪 which is a chemical RELEASED by a nerve cell or NEURON.

Acetylcholine causes:

  1. muscles to contract 🏋️‍♀️
  2. activates pain responses 🥺
  3. regulates endocrine and REM sleep functions. 😴

⬇️ Deficiencies in acetylcholine can lead to MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, which is characterized by muscle weakness.

24
Q

What is a Dental Lobe?

😈

A

DENTAL LOBE

It is one of the primary centers of calcification and growth during the crown development.

Each tooth begins to develop from FOUR lobes of more

The pulp chamber has PULP HORNS 😈corresponding to these lobes.

25
Q

Anatomical differences of PRIMARY TEETH, when compared to Permanent teeth

A

PRIMARY TEETH

  1. THINNER enamel and dentin thickness
  2. The PULPS of primary teeth are LARGER in relation to crown size than permanent pulps. 3. Primary teeth demonstrate greater constriction of the crown and have a more prominent CERVICAL CONTOUR than permanent teeth.
26
Q

A strict vegetarian diet leads to lack of which vitamin?

A

VITAMIN B12 / COBALAMIN

A cofactor in DNA SYNTHESIS, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
It is particularly important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of MYELIN, and in the maturation of developing RBC in the bone marrow.

Unlike some other B vitamins, B12 is NOT found in ANY PLANT food other than fortified cereals. It is, however, abundant in many meats and fish, and in smaller amounts in milk and eggs. This makes it difficult for people following a strict vegetarian diet to get the necessary amount of vitamin B12.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can boost blood levels of HOMOCYSTEINE, an amino acid implicated as a strong risk factor for ⬆️ HEART DISEASE and STROKE. Studies have suggested that high homocysteine levels can promote blockages in arteries over time, possibly leading to heart disease and stroke.

27
Q

What is the average thickness of Enamel?

A

In humans, enamel varies in thickness over the surface of the tooth, often thickest at the CUSP, up to 2.5 mm, and thinnest at its border with the cementum at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ)

The basic unit of enamel is called an enamel ROD. Measuring 4–8 μm in DIAMETER, an enamel rod, formally called an enamel prism, is a tightly packed mass of hydroxyapatite crystals in an organized pattern.

28
Q

Dentin assay?

A

By volume:

45% of dentin consists of the mineral hydroxyapatite
33% is organic material
22% is water.

There are two main characteristics which distinguish dentin from enamel

  1. Dentin forms throughout life.
  2. Dentin is sensitive.
29
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

😴🍲 🐢♥️

A

One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Sometimes called the REST 😴 and DIGEST 🍲system

  • Conserves energy as it slows 🐢 the heart rate ♥️
  • Increases ⬆️ intestinal and gland activity
  • Relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
30
Q

Why is the SPHENOID BONE so important?

🦋

A

Butterfly-shaped 🦋 bone inside the skull.

The sphenoid bone has a central body, paired greater and lesser wings that extend laterally from the body of the sphenoid, and two PTERYGOID PROCESSES descending from the junction of the body and greater wings.

It is an attachment site for many of the muscles of MASTICATION.

On the base of the sphenoid bone, several muscles attach to it’s legs, the medial and lateral pterygoid processes. As the name suggests, the pterygoid muscles, important for chewing and mastication, attach here

31
Q

Larynx

🔻

A

The 🔻 triangle-shaped larynx consists largely of CARTILAGES (six) that are attached to one another and to surroundings structures by muscles or by fibrous and elastic tissue components.

EXTENDS from its triangle-shaped inlet the EPIGLOTTIS to the circular outlet at the lower border of the CRICOID cartilage, where it is continuous with the lumen of the trachea.

C3-C6

Contains two sets of folds:

  1. Upper (false) vocal folds - Vestibular
  2. Lower (true) vocal folds

The slitlike space between the left and right vocal folds, called the RIMA GLOTTIDIS, is the NARROWEST part of the larynx. (level of CRICOID)

THYROID cartilage: This forms the Adam’s apple.

EPIGLOTTIS: A large, spoon-shaped piece of elastic cartilage. During swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food and drink; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis, closing it off.

32
Q

PRIMARY TEETH ANATOMY

Characteristics

A
  1. THINNER ENAMEL
    - (1mm thickness vs 2mm thickness of Perm)
    - more UNIFORM in DEPTH
    - Additionally, DENTIN thinner as well
    - MORE prone to CARIES
  2. Bigger Pulp
  3. Whiter
  4. OCCUSALLY directed enamel rods
    - (perm teeth are more perpendicular, even gingival directed)
  5. Cervical Bulge (esp. mand 1st Molars)
  6. More DIVERGENT ROOTS
  7. Small or Absent Root Trunk
    - (area from CEJ to beginning of root furcation)
  8. WIDER Mesial-Distally, SHORTER Incisal-gingival
33
Q

Primary Max Central Incisor

A

Widest Anterior MD

Only Anterior tooth where Width > Height (in both dentitions)

Prominent Labial and Cervical ridges

34
Q

Primary Max Canine

A

Widest Anterior Facial-Lingual

Mesial Cusp Ridge > Distal Cusp Ridge
(Just like Max 1st Premolar)

Cusp offset distally

Longer and Sharper Cusp than mandibular cusp
(Even Permanent Max Cusp)

35
Q

Primary Max 1st Molar

A

Crown resembles Permanent Max 1st Premolar with additional small distal portion

Most prominent cervical ridge of the maxillary teeth

CEJ dips more on the Mesial half than the Distal half to make room for the bulge

36
Q

Primary Second Max Molar

A

Widest Facial - Lingual

Crown resembles permanent 1st Molars

Last Primary Tooth to erupt (26 months)

Only primary tooth to have Cusp of Carabelli, Oblique Ridge, and Disto-Lingual groove

37
Q

Primary Mand Central Incisor

A

Smallest FL

Most Symmetric

38
Q

Primary Mand 1st Molar

A

Most Unique Tooth

Most Difficult tooth to restore

4 Cusps and 4 Pulp Horns

MB Cusp is the largest

ML Cusp (ice cream cone Cusp) is Highest and Sharpest

Distal Triangular Fossa

Most Distinct Cervical Ridge on MF surface

Mesial CEJ dips resulting in an S shaped cervical ridge.

39
Q

Primary 2nd Mand Molar

A

Widest MD

5 cusps

2 Roots (mesial root is bigger with 2 canals)

40
Q

MUSCLES of the TONGUE include:

👅

A

INTRINSIC: interior, forms shape of tongue

Inferior Longitudinal Muscle
Vertical and Transverse Muscle
Superior Longitudinal Muscle

EXTRINSIC:

41
Q

What is the characteristic of a mature swallow pattern?

A

Tongue touching the lingual of the maxillary Incisor