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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy & Physiology Midterm > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

List some of the key individuals and their discoveries that laid the foundations for the fields of human anatomy and physiology.

A

Andreas Vesalis & William Harvey

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2
Q

Andreas Vesalis

A

Wrote book on the structure of the human body

Considered the father of anatomy

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3
Q

William Harvey

A

The circulation of blood through the body

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4
Q

What is anatomy

A

Study of the structure of an organism

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5
Q

What is physiology

A

Study of the functions of a living organism

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6
Q

Superior

A

Above

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7
Q

Thoracic cavity is _____ to the abdominal cavity

A

Superior

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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9
Q

The foot is _____ to the ankle

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward the front

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11
Q

The mammary glands are on the _____ chest wall

A

anterior

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12
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward the back

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13
Q

The vertebral column is ______ to the digestive tract

A

posterior

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14
Q

Cephalad (cranial)

A

Toward the head

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15
Q

The thoracic cavity lies ____ to the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Cephalad

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16
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail

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17
Q

Medial

A

Nearest the midline of the body

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18
Q

The nose is in the ____ position on the face

A

Medial

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19
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side or away from the midline of the body

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20
Q

The ears are _____ to the nose

A

lateral

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21
Q

Proximal

A

Near the point of attachment or origin (closest to the trunk)

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22
Q

The elbow is _____ the wrist

A

Proximal

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23
Q

Distal

A

Away from the point of attachment or origin

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24
Q

The ankle is _____ the knee

A

distal

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25
Midsaggital Plane
Divides right and left down the center of the body
26
Coronal (frontal) Plane
Divides front and back
27
Transverse plane
Divides top and bottom
28
Dorsal cavity contains
Organs of the nervous system
29
Cranial cavity
Contains the brain
30
Spinal Cavity
Contains the spinal cord
31
Ventral cavity
contains organs involved in homeostasis
32
Thoracic cavity
``` lungs heart esophagus trachea thymus ```
33
Abdominal cavity
``` stomach liver spleen galbladder small and large intestines kidneys ```
34
Pelvic cavity
terminal end of large intestines urinary bladder internal reproductive organs
35
What is a cell
Smallest living units of biological organization
36
Function of epithelial tissue
Protect absorb secrete excrete
37
Function of connective tissue
``` Support nourishment transport connection movement protection insulation storage attachment ```
38
Function of muscular tissue
Generates physical force needed to make body move
39
Function of nervous tissue
detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates nerve impulses
40
Function of the Integumentary System
Provides a protective barrier for the body and contains sensory receptors
41
Organs of the Integumentary system
``` Skin hair nails glands nerves ```
42
Function of the Skeletal System
protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement
43
Organs of the skeletal system
bones cartilage tendons ligaments
44
Function of the muscular system
moves bones and maintains posture
45
Organs of the muscular system
smooth muscular tissue skeletal tissue cardiac muscle
46
Function of the nervous system
Controls cell function with electrical signals
47
Organs of the nervous system
Brain spinal cord nerves
48
Function of the endocrine system
Controls cell function with hormones
49
Organs of the endocrine system
``` pineal gland pituitary gland pancreas ovary testis ```
50
function of the cardiovascular system
transport nutrients, chemical messages, gases and wastes in blood
51
Organs of the cardiovascular system
heart | blood vessels
52
Function of the lymphatic system
returns fluids to cardiovascular system | detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms
53
Organs of the lymphatic system
red bone marrow thympus spleen lymph nodes
54
Function of the respiratory system
adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood
55
organs of the respiratory system
``` nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea lungs bronchus ```
56
function of the digestive system
breaks down food to be absorbed by the body
57
organs of the digestive system
``` oral cavity esophagus liver stomach large and small intestines rectum anus ```
58
function of the urinary system
removes wastes | maintains body fluid volume, ph, and electrolyte levels
59
Organs of the urinary system
kidney ureter urinary bladder urethra
60
function of the reproductive system
produce gametes
61
Organs of the female reproductive system
``` mammary glands ovary uterus vagina uterine tube ```
62
organs of the male reproductive system
``` prostate gland penis testis scrotum vas deferens ```
63
List the major chemical elements found in living systems.
``` water carbon dioxide oxygen ammonia mineral salts carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids atp ```
64
Define the structure of an atom and its component subatomic particles.
Proton Neutrons Electrons
65
Explain the process of protein synthesis
DNA enters the nucleus where transcription occurs RNA joins the DNA They leave the nucleus where TRANSLATION occurs in the ribosomes on the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
66
What is diffusion
Is the movement of molecules from a region of higher to lower concentration.
67
What is osmosis
is movement of water from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
68
What is active transport
protein molecules function as molecular pumps to enable the cell accumulate glucose/ions, ATP is required
69
Define Acid
a substance dissociates and forms an excess of H1 ions when dissolved in water
70
Define base
A substance that combines with H1 ions when dis- solved in water
71
What is the function of the nucleus
information center of the cell
72
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum
Transport and storage
73
What is the function of the golgi body
the points within the cell where compounds to be secreted by the cell are collected and concentrated
74
What is the function of the mitochondria
produces energy through cellular respiration
75
What is the function of the lysosomes
digestion
76
What is the function of the ribosomes
Create proteins
77
What is the function of the centrioles
cellular division and reproduction
78
Basic structure of the cell membrane
phospholipids
79
What are the two subcategories of metabolism
Anabolism and catabolism
80
What is anabolism
builds large molecules
81
What is catabolism
breaks down large molecules
82
What is glycolysis
Initial stage in the break down of glucose
83
What is the krebs citric acid cycle
It is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide.
84
Interphase
Cell grows performs normal functions prepares for division
85
Prophase
First step | chromatin condenses into chromosomes
86
Metaphase
Proteins pull chromatids to the center
87
Anaphase
Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
88
Telophase
The nucleoli reappear | nuclear membranes form
89
Nitrogen base pairs of dna
Adenine Cytosine Guanine thymine

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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