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Module 11 > Anatomy & Physiology of Reptiles, Amphibia, Fish > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology of Reptiles, Amphibia, Fish Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ectotherm

A

reliant on external sources of heat

limited production from metabolism

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2
Q

what is ectothermic regulation controlled by

A

hypothalamus

stimulation of appropriate behaviour depending on temp of blood

pineal gland detects light levels

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3
Q

what are the advantages of ectotherms

A

less energy waste in maintaining body temp

~10% of equivalently sized mammal

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4
Q

what are the disadvantages of ectothermic regulation

A

activity depends on ambient temp

poor aerobic capacity may limit endurance

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5
Q

what are the thermoregulation mechanisms in reptiles (4)

A

1. heart rate and blood shunting: HR increases with increasing temp, 3-chambered reptilian heart allows lungs to be bypassed, peripheral vasodilation and vasoconstriction

2. body mass and shape: body position can affect heat transfer (contact with ground)

3. behaviour: burrow, alter pigmentation of skin, shade skeeing

4. UV light important for normal behaviour

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6
Q

identify the general anatomy of the lizzard

A
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7
Q

identify the general anatomy of the snake

A
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8
Q

what are the 3 layers in the reptile integument

A
  1. stratum germinatum
  2. intermediate lipid-rich
  3. stratum corneum - keratinized scales
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9
Q

where are the colour generating cells in reptiles

A

between dermis and epidermis

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10
Q

what is ecdysis

A

shedding of skin

whole skin in snakes and patches in lizzards

new skin develops from intermediate layer of epidermis

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11
Q

what is ecdysis controlled by

A

thyroid gland

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12
Q

what is failure to shed the integument called

A

dysecdysis

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13
Q

where is most of the calcium stored in reptiles

A

in the bone

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14
Q

what is the optimal Ca:P ratio for reptiles

A

2:1

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15
Q

how many chambers does the reptile heart have

A

3

2 atria

single ventricle supplying lungs and body

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16
Q

are the reptile erythrocytes nucleanted or enucleated and what blood tube should be used

A

nucleated

may be lysed by EDTA

better taken into lithium heparin

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17
Q

how does lymph travel in the reptile

A

large lymphatic networks have smooth muscle

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18
Q

what is the blood flow through the reptile heart

A
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19
Q

where is the glottis

A

fairly rostral

closed at rest

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20
Q

what are the functions of the lungs in the reptile

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. vocalization
  3. buoyancy
  4. display
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21
Q

do reptiles have mucociliary lining

A

primitive

poor at cleaning debris

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22
Q

does the respiratory system contain a diaphragm

A

no

negative pressure breathing

inspiration, expiration and relaxation/breath-holding phases

relaxation 30-33h

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23
Q

what controls respiration

A

temperature

increased temp increases oxygen demand

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24
Q

what is the chelonian respiratory system

A

easily swithced to anaeobic metabolism –> difficult to anaesthesize

nose breathers

short trachea

lungs occupy dorsal half of body cavity

trunk muscles used to drive resp

no diaphragm = no effective cough = prone to pneumonia

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25
what is the differences in digestive system of reptiles vs. mammals
shorter
26
what is the rate of digestion related to in reptiles
stops at \<7 degrees diet dependent --\> longer in herbivores drops when ill --\> oral medication may have delayed action
27
what is the cloaca
common exit for digestive and genitourinary systems
28
what are the 3 chambers of the cloaca
1. copradeum: anterior, collects feces 2. urodeum: middle, drains urteres and reproductive tract 3. proctodeum: caudal, common path for excrertion
29
how do reptiles osmoregulate
water in: environment, diet, drinking water lost through: evaporation, respiration, urine and feces
30
how do reptiles retain water (5)
1. uric acid: pasty white excretion (can build up and cause gout when dehydrated --\> urate cyrstal deposition in joints and viscera) 2. cloacal resorption 3. reduced GFR 4. salt glands: active excretion of Na/K 5. renal portal system: renal portal vein (from system venous sytem) passes blood directly to kidney tubule (bypassing glomerulus)
31
where are the kidneys in reptiles
caudal to coelom no loop of henle, pyramids or pelvis
32
what reptiles have bladders
chelonians and some lizards
33
where do ureters open into in reptiles with no bladders
into cloaca directly with reflux into colon for water absorption
34
when do small lizards reach sexual maturity
1-2 years
35
when do snakes reach sexual maturity
2-3 years
36
when do chelonia reach sexual maturity
3-8 years
37
how is sex determined chromosomally
female heterozygous ZW male homozygous ZZ
38
what is temperature dependent sexual determination (TSD)
incubation temp determines sex (sex hormones involveD) range varies between species (high temp for male lizzards and female chelonia)
39
when does testicular size vary
with season
40
where are the testes located
close to vena cava (R) and left adrenal (L)
41
what type of testes do lizards/snakes have
paired extracloacal hemipenes
42
what type of testes do chelonia/crocodiles have
single intracloacal phallus
43
how long can sperm be stored in the female repro tract
\>6m to 7 y
44
what do oviducts secrete which help form the eggshell
albumin, calcium open direct into urodeum
45
what is the female repro cycle
1. quiescent 2. vitalligenic: hypertrophy of ovaries/oviduct, yolk moved to ovarian follicles, increased circulating Ca 3. gravidity/pregnancy: fertilized eggs/embryos in oviducts
46
what is oviparity
eggs laid early
47
what is the source of nutrients in the eggs
yolk
48
what is viviparity
some placental exchange better for cooler climates
49
how many clutches during breeding season for oviparity species
2-3
50
how many clutches per season for viviparity
1 per season
51
what species are viviparity species
boas, vipers, chameleons
52
what is the structure of the reptilian egg
3 membranes and shell
53
what are the structures inside the reptilian egg
1. embryo 2. amniotic membrane 3. allantois (storage of urea/uric acid) 4. chorionic membrane 5. shell (calcium for embryo)
54
what species show maternal care
indian python crocodiles but most do not
55
what species have an external ear
only crocodiles
56
where is the tympanic membrane in some species
outer margin in others (not in snakes, chameleon, tuatara)
57
what is the single middle ear bone and its funciton
columella transmits vibration from air and from ground (via quadrate bone)
58
what is the function of accessory (jacobsen's) organ
pheromones
59
how do reptiles see
eyes + pineal gland
60
what type of muscle is the iris
skeletal doesn't respond to atropine
61
do reptiles have a consenual light reflex
no
62
how do adult amphibians gas exchange
simple paired lungs buccopharyngeal external cutaneous
63
how do amphibian larvae gas exchange
gills
64
how does air reach the lungs in amphibians
cannot create negative pressure force air in by contractions of throat muscles
65
what are the functions of amphibian integument
1. protective 2. osmotic 3. respiratory functions
66
what are some practical considerations when dealing with amphibians
1. handling: wear gloves (skin toxins, skin easily damaged, susceptible to toxin absorption through skin) 2. anaesthesia: immersion, gaseous induction can be slow 3. euthanasia: pithing, intra-cardiac/venous or intra-peritoneal injection
67
what are elasmobranchii or chondrichthyes
cartilagenous fish
68
what are osteichthyes
bony fish or teleosts
69
what is poikilothermic
temp depends on environment optimum temperature range
70
what is the outer surface of the integument in fish
cuticle slimy layer --\> mucopolysaccharides, skin cells, mucus
71
what is the epidermis layer called in fish
stratified squamous epithelium
72
what is the dermis layer in fish
collagen, pigment fibres
73
what are the scales in fish
flexible calcified plates originating in dermis
74
what is the lateral line system and their functions
canal along flank lying dermis seen as series of pores mechanoreceptors --\> changes in water pressure, nerve supply derived from vagus, some adaptation to detect electrical pulses
75
what are the shape of vertebrae in fish
cylindrical bodies dorsal and ventral elastic ligaments dorsal neural arch and spine
76
what are fins
pectoral girdle attaches to skull series of bony rays support fin structure
77
where are the majority of muslces in fish
along trunk
78
what are the shape of muscles in fish
segmental folded, interlocking blocks (myotomes) quartered by dorsal, ventral and horizontal septa
79
what type of muscles do fish have
mix of red (aerobic "slow") and white (anaerobic "fast") fibres
80
what is the shape of the fish heart
4 chambered linear heart blood through gills and then to body
81
where does respiratory exchange mainly occur
at gills
82
what are gills also important for in fish
in salt and nitrogenous regulation and excretion
83
how does gas exchange occur in the heart in fish
through countercurrent mechanism water in through mouth, out through opercula
84
where are fish kidneys
retroperitoneal extends length of body cavity
85
what are the divided functions of the kidney
cranial (head) hematopoiesis caudal (trunk) excretory
86
what is the swim bladder in fish and its function
gas filled swallowing air at surface movement of gas from arterial blood maintains neutral buoyancy
87
what are practical considerations when dealing with fish
1. initial visual exam in environment 2. anaesthesia: place agent in tank water 3. venepuncture: caudal vein 4. injections: intramuscular, intraperitoneal 5. euthanasia: anathesize then sever spinal cord caudal to braincase

Module 11 (6 decks)

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