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Module 11 > Small Mammal Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Small Mammal Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

how do small mammals thermoregulate in the wild

A

in wild burrows to avoid extreme temps (hibernate)

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2
Q

how do small mammals adapt to cold

A
  1. high activity (shivering)
  2. brown fat
  3. peripheral vasoconstriction
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3
Q

how do small mammals adapt to heat

A
  1. burrows
  2. water conservation (urine conc)
  3. peripheral heat exchanges
  4. size (high SA:volume), big ears
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4
Q

what are the thermoregulation considerations of small mammals and anaesthesia

A

high metabolic rate –> susceptible to hypothermia and dehydration

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5
Q

what are lagomorpha

A

rabbit, hare

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6
Q

what are rodentia

A

myomorpha (mouse like) –> rat, mouse, hamster

caviomorpha (cavy like) –> guinea pig, chinchilla, degu

sciuromorpha (squirrel like) squirrel, chipmunk

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7
Q

what are carnivora family mustelidae

A

ferret, weasel, stoat, otter, badger

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8
Q

how many teeth do rodents and lagomorphs have

A

16-28 teeth

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9
Q

what are the features of rodent and lagomorph incisors

A

open-rooted –> continual growth

chisel shaped tip

innervation only at root

cheek folds plug diastema to prevent sharp material entering oral cavity

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10
Q

what is the funciton of the cheek teeth

A

rasp effect

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11
Q

what are the features of the cheek teeth in herbivores

A

open roots

teeth ground down by plant material

failure to wear –> dental disease

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12
Q

what are the features of omnivore cheek teeth

A

roots close at ~4 months

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13
Q

how many incisors are there

A

1/2 pairs of upper incisors

1 pair lower

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14
Q

do rodents and lagomorphs contain canines

A

no

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15
Q

what is the dental formula for rodents

A

1-0-0-3/1-0-0-3

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16
Q

do molars have open or closed roots

A

closed

enamal folds, enamel-free cusps

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17
Q

what is the dental formula for rabbits

A

2-0-3-3/1-0-2-3

28 total

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18
Q

what are the 2nd upper incisors in rabbits

A

rudimentary

peg teeth

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19
Q

what do horizontal grooves in enamel of upper incisors suggest in rabbits

A

dental disease associated with poor diet

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20
Q

do all rabbit teeth continually grow

A

yes

2mm/week

need fibre for erosion

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21
Q

why is dental exam in rabbits difficult

A

limited range of jaw opening

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22
Q

what is the dental formula in ferrets deciduous

A

3(4)-1-3-0/3-1-3-0

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23
Q

what is the dental formula in ferret permanent

A

3-1-3-1/3-1-3-2

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24
Q

what are hamster cheek pouches

A

distensible invaginations of lateral buccal endothelium

extend to doroscaudal scapula

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25
what type of digestive tract to rodents and lagomorphs have
monogastric some have non-glandular areas simple small intestine cecum (larger in herbivores)
26
what are the characteristics of the rabbit hindgut
10x capacity of stomach 40% of GIT content 3 gyral folds thin walls mainly bacteroides spp
27
what is coprophagy
consumption of feces
28
what is cecotrophy
consumption of cecal pellets (night stools)
29
why is cecotrophy essential for health and what diets effect consumption
high fibre diet required for produciton (cellulose, lignin) low-protein diet encourages consumption high carb diet decreases consumption and allows bacterial overgrowth in cecum
30
where do cecotrophs form
cecum and in proximal colon high nutrient content (fibre doesn't enter cecum) mucus covering during passage through colon ingested directly from anus through anal reflex
31
what type of uterus do small mammals have
duplex
32
what are the features of the male genitalia in rodents
rounded scrotum at caudal end copious fat around testes longer anogenital distance
33
what are the features of the female external genitalia in rodents
more pointed caudal end shorter anogenital distance
34
what are the features of male external genitalia in rabbits
scrotal sacs either side of preputial sheath genital opening circular
35
what are the features of female external genitalia in rabbits
triangular vulva genital opening slit-like thoracic and inguinal mammary glands
36
what is the repro cycle of the rabbit (estrus, gestation, litter size, weaning)
estrus: 5-6d (induced ovulation) gestation: 31-32d litter size: ~6 weaning: ~4-7wk **high (~30%) embryonic mortality**
37
what is the repro cycle of guinea pig
estrus: 15-17d (polyestrus) gestation: 59-72d litter size: 1-6 weaning: 21d **post-partum estrus 2-10h after parturition**
38
what is the repro cycle of the rat
estrus: 4-5d (polyestrus) gestation: 21-23d litter size: 3-18 weaning: ~3-6 weeks
39
what is the repro cycle of the hamster
estrus: 4d (seasonal polyestrus) gestation: 15-18d litter size: 5-10 weaning: 21 d
40
what is the female repro system of ferrets
similar to cat estrus cycle linked to increasing daylight in spring coitus-induced ovulation (if unmated estrogen production continues, hyperestrogenism) post estrus anemia through suppression of bone marrow
41
what is the gestation period in ferrets
42 d
42
when are ferret kittens weaned
6-8weeks
43
what is a male and female ferret called
m = hob mn = gib f = jill fn = sprite
44
what is the characteristics of the male ferret repro system
similar arrangement to dog os penis has curved tip --\> catheterization difficult may be castrated or vasectomized (used to take jills out of season prevent post-estrus anemia)
45
why are rodents/lagomorphs obligate nose breathers
larynx in high position
46
what causes high oxygen demand in rodent/lagomorphs
lungs not proportionally larger greater number of alveoli with smaller diameter compliant chest wall poor lubulation of lungs in rabbits --\> pneumonia can spread quickly
47
what is the heart size relative to thorax
2-4th intercostal spaces often larger in proportion to thorax
48
where are the venupuncture areas
saphenous/cephalic veins tail vein jugular if larger sample required marginal ear vein in rabbits
49
where are the lymph nodes
1. submandibular 2. cervical cranial to scapula
50
what is the rabbit and guinea pig urinary system features
1. relatively high water intake (120 ml/day) 2. urine alkaline, not very concentrated (often creamy appearance due to calcium carbonate, may be red due to plant pigmentation) rodent urine also very concentrated
51
what are the features of calcium metabolism
high circulating calcium rapid adjustments in parathyroid hormone control absorption from gut (independent of vitamin D) --\> tolerant of high Ca intake, Ca:P ratio not as critical as other mammals excess calcium cleared via urine (up to 60% of ingested Ca) --\> phosphorus excreted via feces chronic vit D deficiency may lead to mild hypocalcemia (important when dietary supply low)
52
what are the adrenals of the ferret endocrine system
simialr to dog high incidental of adrenal neoplasia --\> possible association with sex hormones produced by the adrenal may lead to alopecia possible implication of early neutering coupled with inadequate exposure to daylight
53
what are the senses of rodents
prey animals mainly active at low light acute senses of smell, hearing and touch --\> large tympanic bullae, large olfactory bulbs, sensitive vibrissae (whiskers) odours important in communication and identification (urine, feces, scent glands)
54
what is the harderian gland
particularly in rats (present in all vertebrates often rudimentary) behind eye --\> secretes lipids and porphyrin red pigment (ocular lubrication and pheromones) secretion increased when stressed = red-brown deposit --\> chromodacryorrhea
55
what is significant about the rabbit skeletal system
fragile esp compared to muscular system spine easily fractured if incorrectly held (esp L6-L7)
56
what is the significance of the rat skeletal system
ossification not complete until ~1 year (poorly developed haversian remodelling system, prox. humerus and distal radius/ulna fuse at 2 y)
57
what are the features of the rodent skull
skull: cartilagenous mandibular symphysis
58
what are the spinal features of the rat
spine: C7, T13, L6, S4, Cd 27-31
59
what are the features of the ferret skull
carnivore skull
60
what are the vertebrae of the ferret
C7, T15, L5/6, S3, Cd18 flexible spine support important when carrying (fractures not uncommon, esp in pregnant jills)
61
how many pairs of sternal ribs are there
12 narrow thoracic inlet proportionally large chest

Module 11 (6 decks)

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