Anatomy PPT 1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
brain is enclosed by:
A
cranium, a fixed bony cavity
2
Q
brain is physically and functionally divided into two compartments
A
supratentorium
infratentorium
3
Q
supratentorium contains
A
paired cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon (composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus)
4
Q
Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes
A
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
5
Q
Cortical regions responsible for language are located in
A
the left hemisphere in almost all right-handed people and majority of left-handed people
6
Q
Two primary regions responsible for language
A
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
7
Q
Diencephalon is composed of
A
thalamus and hypothalamus
8
Q
Thalamus acts as
A
sensory and motor relay station
directs information to various cortical structures
9
Q
Hypothalamus:
A
lies below the thalamus
has autonomic and endocrine functions
is connected to the pituitary gland
primary neurohumoral organ
10
Q
limbic system
A
cognitive function, memory consolidation, and emotional responses
11
Q
Infratentorium
A
brainstem and cerebellum
12
Q
Brainstem contains nuclei for cranial nerves
A
III to XII
13
Q
Cerebellum responsible for:
A
proprioception, posture and gait
14
Q
Frontal lobe:
A
motor cortex
15
Q
parietal lobe:
A
somatic sensory cortex
16
Q
occipital lobe:
A
vision cortex
17
Q
temporal love:
A
auditory cortex and speech centers
18
Q
cerebral cortex:
A
cognition, sensation, and movement
19
Q
Hippocampus:
A
memory and learning
20
Q
Amygdala:
A
emotion, appetite, responds to pain and stressors
21
Q
Basal ganglia:
A
fine control of movement
22
Q
midbrain:
A
auditory and visual tracts
23
Q
pons:
A
autonomic integration
24
Q
medulla:
A
autonomic integration
25
reticular activating system:
controls consciousness, arousal. and sleep
26
Archeocerebellum:
maintains equilibrium
27
Paleocerebellum:
regulates muscle tone
28
Neocerebellym:
coordinates voluntary muscle movement
29
Cranial nerve I:
olfactory, sensory
| smell
30
Cranial nerve II:
optic, sensory
| vision
31
Cranial nerve III:
```
oculomotor, motor
eye movement (up), pupil constriction
```
32
Cranial nerve IV:
```
Trochlear, motor
eye movement (down/in)
```
33
Cranial nerve V:
trigeminal, both
somatic sensation to face, anterior 2/3 tongue
muscles of mastication
34
Cranial nerve VI:
```
abducens, motor
eye movement (out)
```
35
Cranial nerve VII:
facial, both
| facial movement, eyelid closing, taste anterior 2/3 tongue
36
Cranial nerve VIII:
Vestibulocochlear, sensory
| hearing and balance
37
Cranial nerve IX:
Glossopharyngeal, both
| somatic sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue
38
Cranial nerve X:
vagus, both
| swallowing
39
Cranial nerve XI:
spinal accessory, motor
| shoulder shrug
40
Cranial nerve XII:
hypoglossal, motor
| tongue movement
41
All nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system except:
CN 2
42
severe neuropathic facial pain comes from damage to:
CN 5
| trigeminal neuralgia
43
Eye movement is controlled by
CN 3, 4, 6
44
injury to facial nerve causes:
Bell's palsy
| ipsilateral facial paralysis
45
Parasympathetic output carried by CN:
3, 7, 9, 10
46
Which CN is responsible for 75% of all parasympathetic activity?
Vagus (10)
47
Blood flow of the brain is supplied by four large arteries
two carotid and two vertebral arteries
48
Normal blood flow through the brain of the adult person averages
50 ml/100 grams brain tissue/minute
49
Normal blood flow through the brain of the adult person averages (in ml/min)
750 ml/min
50
The brain constitutes only about 2 percent of the body weight but receives _____ CO
15% of resting CO
51
Brain blood supply: anterior circulation receives blood from
internal carotid arteries
52
Brain blood supply: posterior circulation receives blood from
vertebral arteries
53
arterial systems communicate through arterial anastomoses that form
Circle of Willis
54
arteries that originate from the circle of Willis:
paired anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries
55
Brain blood supply: ____ supplies the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere
carotid artery
56
Brain blood supply: ____ supplies the structures of the posterior fossa
the vertebrobasilar system
57
What does the circle of willis do?
permits collateral blood flow
| if a major vessel (right or left internal carotid arteries or basilar artery) becomes occluded
58
major vessels supplying the circle of Willis are
right and left internal carotids and the basilar artery. The basilar artery is supplied by
the right and left vertebral arteries.
59
_____ measures the pressure transmitted through the circle of Willis back to the carotid artery for which endarterectomy is proposed
stump pressure
60
A good stump pressure means:
that the brain will be perfused
| adequately during the procedure.
61
Stump pressure of _____ are as reliable as EEG monitoring
>40 mmHg
62
Metabolic factors contribute to cerebral blood flow regulation:
(1) carbon dioxide concentration
(2) hydrogen ion concentration
(3) oxygen concentration
63
increase in carbon dioxide concentration _______ cerebral blood flow
increases
64
A change in PaCO2 of 1 mmHg roughly correlates to a change in CBF of
1-2 ml/100 g/min
65
PaCO2 _____ leads to maximal vasoconstriction & tissue hypoxia
<20
66
increase in hydrogen ion concentration (lactic acid, pyretic acid) will ____ CBF
increase
67
oxygen deficiency almost immediately causes ______
vasodilation to restore blood flow & O2 transport to the brain to normal (PaO2<50mmHg)
68
normal PaO2
50 mmHg
69
CBF is auto regulated well between MAP of
60-140 (or 60-160)
70
In people with HTN, auto regulation of CBF occurs in pressures up to:
160-180
71
CBF varies linearly between arterial carbon dioxide partial pressures (PaCO2) of:
20 to 80 mmHg
72
Cerebral blood flow remains constant above an arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2)
50 mmHg
73
Profound increase in CBF only at PaO2 of:
less than 50-60
74
PaO2 of 60+ has what effect on CBF?
no effect
75
CPP =
MAP - ICP
76
Normal CPP:
100 mmHg
77
CPP <50
EEG slowing
78
CPP 25-40
EEG flat
79
CPP <25
permanent brain damage
80
CBF 20ml/100g/min:
evidence ischemia
81
CBF 15ml/100g/min:
complete cortical suppression
82
CBF <15ml/100g/min:
membrane failure and cell death
83
Vessels that supply ischemic or atherosclerotic regions are
maximally dilated
84
Situations that cause cerebral vasodilation can cause
cerebral steal
| steal flow from ischemia areas
85
Robinhood effect:
hyperventilation to constrict cerebral vessels that supply healthy tissue to redistribute to ischemic regions
86
Best practice regarding steal phenomena:
maintain normocapnia or mild hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 30-35)
87
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by
the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus within the ventricular system
88
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted at rate of
30 ml/hr
89
CSF flows from the lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres through the
foramen of Monro
90
After CSF flows through foramen on monro, it goes into
the third ventricle and through the aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain
91
After CSF flows through the aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain, it goes into
the fourth ventricle
92
CSF enters the subarachnoid space through
the medial foramen of Magendie and the paired lateral foramina of Luschka, openings posterior to the pons and anterior to the cerebellum
93
CSF drains into the venous blood via the
superior sagittal sinus
94
CSF is absorbed by
arachnoid granulations & arachnoid villi
95
CMRO2:
3-3.8 ml O2/100 g/min
96
Direct linear relationship of CMRO2 to CPP is called
coupling
97
As CMRO2 increases, CPP correspondingly
increases
98
relationship between CMRO2 and CBF can be modified by
anesthetics/anesthetic management
99
things that decrease CMRO2
all VAAs, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
| propofol, etomidate, hypothermia
100
VAA do what to CMRO2 and CPP?
decrease CMRO2
| increase CPP
101
main energy substrate used by the brain
glucose
102
brain glucose consumption:
5 mg/100g/min
103
oxygen utilization by brain:
___ used for electrical activity
___ used for cellular integrity
60% electrical
40% cellular
(even if brain is silenced, it must consume O2 to support cellular integrity)
104
CMRO2 decreases by __% for every 1*C decrease in temp
7%
105
EEG suppression occurs at what temp?
18-20*C
106
mild hypothermia (32-24*C) for 12-24 hours may improve outcomes in what population?
its with anoxic brain injury, because it reduces O2 consumption
