Anatomy practical Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary type of tissue present in the histological image below?
A
2
Q
What are the labels on this CT scan of an abdomen?
A
A=liver
B=Aorta
C=Intestine
D=Spleen
E=Right kidney
3
Q
What is different about this CT scan and how can you tell?
A
An oral contrast agent has been ingested, can tell by the fact the small intestine is bright white.
4
Q
What are the labels on this diagram?
A
A= Humeral head
B= Clavical
C= Glenoid
D= Scapula
E=
5
Q
What is the substance covering the head of the femur identified by the black line?
A
6
Q
What is the main difference between thick and thin skin?
A
Thick skin lacks hair, eg the soul of the feet
7
Q
What are the three main layers of skin, as shown here
A
Dark pink layer= epidermis
Pale pink layer= dermis
Yellow layer= hypodermis
8
Q
What is the anatomical position of the body?
A
9
Q
What do superior and inferior mean?
What do proximal and distal mean?
What do posterior and anterior mean?
What do lateral and medial mean?
A
Superior means higher up, inferior means lower down.
Distal means (related to limbs) futher from connective point, proximal means closer.
Anterior means to the front, posterior means to the back
Medical means in towards the midline, lateral means away.
10
Q
What are the four main planes of the body when talking about anatomy?
A
11
Q
What are tendons and ligaments?
A
Ligaments link bone to bone
Tendons link muscle to bone
12
Q
What are the bones of the skull joined together by?
A
Sutures (except for mandible)
There are immovable fiborous joints.
There is the sagittal (midline), coronal (top of head side to side) and lambdoid (back of head)
13
Q
What bones are these?
A
1) temporal bone
2) parietal bone
3) zygomatic bone
4) frontal bone
5) maxilla bone
6) occipital bone
7) mandible
8) sphenoid bone
14
Q
What two processes does the temporal bone contain?
A
Zygomatic process and stlyloid process
15
Q
Where is the super orbital ridge?
A
Above the eye sockets
16
Q
What is the middle depression between the eyes called?
A
the glabella
17
Q
What bone is this?
A
Nasal bone
18
Q
What bone divides the Nasal cavities in the nose?
A
The vomer
19
Q
What bone is this?
A
Inferior nasal conchae
20
Q
What bone is this?
A
Lacrimal bone
21
Q
What bone forms the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity?
A
Palatine bone
22
Q
How many cranial nerves are there?
A
12
23
Q
What nerve sits on the cribiform plate ( the portion of the ethmoid bone that forms the roof of the nasal cavity), and what does the nerve innervate?
A
Olfactory nerve (CN 1)- a sensory nerve that functions for the sense of smell.
24
Q
What nerve runs fast the optic canal?
A
Optic nerve runs through optic canal (small hole in back of eye socket- sephoid bone). Sensory nerve that carries info about sight.
25
What nerves run through the superior orbital fissue (hole in eye socket)?
CN III, CN IV, CN VI and CN IV
26
What nerves pass through these foramen? And what are the holes called?
RED= The foramen ovaie has the mandible branch of trigeminal nerve
GREEN= The foramen spinosum has the middle meningeal artery and vein running through it.
YELLOW= The foramen rotundum has the maxillary branch trigeminal nerve running through it
27
What are the four muscles of mastication on the face? And what are they supplied by?
1. temporalis
2. masseter
3. medial pterygoid
4. The lateral pterygoid
All these muscles are supplied by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
28
What is this muscle?
Temporalis- which elevates and retracts mandible. It is a large fan-shaped muscle. It has two directions of muscle fibres.
29
What is this msucle?
Masseter- a strong, rectangular shaped muscle, the strongest muscle of mastication. It elevates mandible and assists in protraction.
30
What is this muscle?
lateral pterygoid- responsible for lateral movement of the mandible (swings back and forth).
31
What muscle is this?
Medial ptreygoid- responsible for lateral movement of the mandible (swings back and forth).
32
What bones is the spine made up of?
33 indvidual bones, help together by a collection of ligaments
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum (5 fused bones) and coccyx (3-4 fused bones).
33
What are the different arrows on a spinal bone pointing to?
34
What are the features of a typical cervical vertebrae?
Small or sqaure body, transverse arches either side
35
What is different about C1 and C2?
C1 is called atlas. Does not have a body but instead an anterior arch.
C2 is called axis. Has a large structure that sticks upwards, known as dens/odontoid process
36
What are features of thoracic vertebrae?
Heart shaped body, additional facets for the ribs, long spinous processes
37
What are features of the lumbar vertebrae?
Large kidney shaped body, short broad spinour proccesses.
38
What movement occurs between the atlas and the occipitial condyles?
Flexsion/extension- nodding the head
39
What movement occurs between the atlas and the axis?
Rotation- shaking the head.
40
What is this muscle? (triangular shaped muscle)
Trapizius
part of superficial back muscle
origin along the spine
41
What are these muscles?
Rhomboid major and minor=
Superficial group
origin on the spinous process of vertebrae
Levator scapula=
Superficial group
42
What is the function of the superficial muscles and what are they innervated by?
Involved in movement of the upper limb
innervated by the anterior rami of the spinal nerves
43
What are these muscles?
Involved in respiration-
Serratus posterior superior: elevate the ribs during inspiration
Serratus posterior inferior: depress the ribs during expiration
Serratus posterior superior innervated by ventral rami of intercoastal nerves of T1-T5.
Serratus posterior inferior innervated by ventral rami of intercoastal nerves of T9-T12.
44
What muscle is this?
Erector spinae, made of many muscles
Function is movement of spinal column and posture
The erector spinae muscles are innervated by the dorsal rami of the first cervical nerve (C1) through the fifth lumbar nerve (L5)
45
What are the intermediate and deep groups innervated by?
the dorsal/ posterior rami of spinal nerves.
46
What muscles
A) control elevation and inferior rotation of the scapula
B) elevate the ribs during respiration
C) extend the vertebral column
A) levator scapulae
B) serratus posterior superior
C) Erector spinae
47
What muscle is this and what is it's function?
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Adducts, medially rotates and extends the arm at the glenohumeral joint
48
What are the functions of the deep muscles in the back?
49
What is the foramen magnum?
The foramen magnum is the largest foramen of the skull. It is located in the most inferior portion of the cranial fossa as a part of the occipital bone
50
Where does the spinal cord travel to?
As far as L1/L2
## Footnote
The spinal cord ends at conus medullaris, it is a cone shaped ending. Emerging from the ending is the filum terminable which anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx and travels up the whole spinal cord.
51
What is a fissue and a sulcus?
Fissure is a large depression and sulcus is a shallow groove.
52
What is the collective name for the layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
The first is dura mater which is thick, the second arachnoid mater is almost spider like tissue and is filled with spinal fluid and the 3rd is pia mater is exceptionally fine. Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges
53
What is the name of the opening within each vertebra through which the spinal cord travels?
Vertebral foramen
54
At what level is a lumbar puncture performed? Why?
? Between L2 and L5 – this avoids hitting the spinal cord as it terminates before L2
55
What is the name of the opening in the skull from which the spinal cord emerges?
Foramen magnum
56
What are the names of each area labelled on the spinal cord?
57
What are the two types of matter in the spinal cord?
grey matter which is formed of cell bodies and synapses and found on the inside, making an almost butterfly shape. Around the outside is white matter made of myelinated axons which transfer motor info.
58
What do all the. numbers signify?
59
What are the markings on the diagram representing?
60
What actions do the following muscles control?
61
What are the following muscles?
62
What are the 5 areas of the facial nerve?
The facial nerve is cranial nerve number 7, and has 5 main extracranial branches. Remembered by the pneumonic TO (temporal) ZANZIBAR (zygomatic) BY (buccal) MOTOR (marginal mandibular) CAR (cervical).
63
64
What nerve are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5). The trigeminal nerve divides into 3 main branches within the cranial cavity
65
What are the actions of platysma, trapezuis and sternocleidomastoid?
P= depresses mandible
T= Elevation, retraction, depression and rotation of scapula
S= cervical rotation
66
What are the main veins responsible for drainage of the head and neck?
The main veins responsible for venous drainage of the head and neck are the jugular veins. There are three jugular veins on each side – internal, external and anterior.
67
What are the 6 extraocular muscles?
4 x rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial, lateral)
2 x oblique muscles (superior, inferior)
68
At what point do the nasal cavities and oral cavity become continuous?
Nasopharynx
69
What structures form the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and nasal septal cartilage
70
What is waldeyer's ring?
A ring of lymphiod tissue found in the throat
71
What are the 3 pharyngeal sub-divisions and what are the associatee cavities?
72
What is the epiglottis?
The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you're eating to prevent food entering your airway.
73
How do smooth, cardiac ancd skeletal muscles look and function differently?
Top is skeletal, voluntary and multinucliated. Middle is cardiac, involuntary and multinucleated. Bottom is smooth, involuntary and and mononeucleated.
75
What are muscle attachment, origin and insertion?
*A muscle attachment is any anchorage point. Muscles may have more than two. The origin of a muscle is the attachment to the stationary or less mobile bone. The insertion is the attachment to the moveable or more mobile bone.*
76
How do muscles move?
Muscle fibres contasin many subunits called myofibrils, can be futher divided into sarcomere.
Sliding filament theory- actin slides in over actin when nerve impulses reach it.
77
What is the layout of muscle?
78
What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?
79
Where are the following points on the lower limb bones?
80
What do the arrows point to?
81
What are the intracapsular structures at the hip joint?
Not called ligaments as one of them is not a ligament
## Footnote
The white line running around is the acetabular labrum- a small wedge of cartilage that surrounds the acetabulum edge and deepens the socket
The ligamentum teres (joins two parts of pelvis) and the transverse acetabular labarum (attaches acetabulum to femur head), both which are the bottom of the acetabulum where the notch is.
82
Where is the lunate surface of the acetabulum?
The lunate surface is the horseshoe-shaped articular superior surface of the acetabulum
83
What are the following posterior muscles of the thigh?
84
What are the following muscles of the anterior and medial thigh?
85
What nerves are the anterior. medial and posterior compartments of the thigh innervated by?
Each of the three compartments of the thigh are innervated by a single nerve from a collection of nerves called the lumbosacral plexus
## Footnote
Anterior: Femoral n. Medial: Obturator n. Posterior: Sciatic n.
86
What are the following structures of the knee joint?
87
How can you tell the medial and lateral meniscus apart?
88
What are the muscles involved in the knee joint?
89
What does the posterior compartment of the leg do?
The posterior compartment of the leg will act to plantarflex the ankle, flex the toes, and assist with inversion of the foot.
90
What are the bones of the feet?
91
What are the ligaments of the ankle joint?
92
What are the muscles of the leg?
93
What actions do the muscles of the leg do?
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg will act together to dorsiflex the ankle joint. The tibialis anterior muscle will also assist with inversion.
The lateral compartment muscles will act to evert the foot.
The superficial layer of the posterior leg will act together to plantarflex the foot at the ankle joint through the calcaneal tendon.
The muscles of the deep layer will assist with this, but they will by primarily responsible for flexion movements of the five toes.
94
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
95
What are the main muscles in the arm and what is their action(s)?
96
What is the glenoid labrum?
The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous material that lines the glenoid fossa. The labrum deepens the socket to improve joint fit/congruency.
97
Where is the medial/ulnar collateral ligament, the lateral/radial collateral ligament and the annular ligament?
98
What are the supinator and pronator muscles of the elbow joint?
Supinators: Biceps brachii, Supinator
Pronators: Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus
99
What are the muscles in the red boxes?
100
What passes through the carpal tunnel?
- 4 from flexor digitorum superficialis
- 4 from flexor digitorum profundus
- 1 from flexor pollicis longus
- median nerve
101
What structures make up the carpal tunnel?
The floor is made of- hamate, trapizium, trapizoid, capitate.
The roof is made of flexor retinaculum, a fibrous band
102
What are the actions of the muscles in the forearm?
103
What are the parts of the scapula?
104
What are the different parts of the humerus?
105
What are the carpal bones?
106
What are the areas of the radius and ulna?
107
What are the arrows pointing to on the femor, tibia and fibula?
108
What are the labels on the diagram?
109
What are the labels on the diagram?
110
What are the labels on the diagram?
111
What are all the missing labels?
112
What are the missing labels?
113
What are the missing labels?
114
What are the different compartments of the thigh and leg?
115
What are the functions of compartments of the thigh and leg?
116
What are the following muscles?
117
What are the following muscles?
118
What is different from the thumb than other fingers?
It does not have a middle phalanx
119
What are the extrinsic muscles of the hand?
Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor ditgitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus all travel through the carpal tunnel
Responsible for power grips.
120
Where and what is thenar eminence?
At the thumb, intrinsic muscle of the hand.
121
What and where is hypothenar eminence?
At the pinky, innervated by the ulnar nerve.
122
Where and what are the lumbrical muscles?
123
What is adductor pollicis muscle?
124
What do palmar and dorsal interossei do?
Palmer= adduction
Dorsal= abduction
PAD- DAB
125
What is the anatomical snuffbox?
A triangular furrow deep to the base of the thumb. Contains many important features.
126
How arteries arranged in the hand?
Two arches- superficial arch (supplied mainly by ulnar) and deep arch (supplied mainly by radius). Arteries do not pass through carpal tunnel
127
What is the venous drainage pattern of the hand?
It is variable- everyone is unique
128
What nerves are the muscles of the hand innervated by?
Ulnar nerve, median nerve and radial nerve
Mediam nerve passes through carpal tunnel
129
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
It is caused by compression of the median nerve within the tunnel due to inflammation, repetitive movements and trauma.
Symptoms are tingling and loss of grip strength.
130
What is fascia?
Fascia is a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place.
131
What type of facia is fat termed as?
Superficial fascia (in limbs)
132
Where is deep fascia?
The deep facia covers the limb and blends with the fibrous tissue covering the surface of the bone
Elements of the deep fascia are projected into the limb to form inter-muscular septa and inter-osseous membranes. This divides the limb into osteofascial compartments, which contain a series of muscles. All the muscles share a common function and a nerve supply. These compartments are relatively inelastic and are sensitive to changes in pressure
133
What are two syndromes caused by compression within a enclosed space compartment called?
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Compartment syndrome in the leg
134
Why is there no deep facsia in the abdomen?
It wouldn’t be able to expand after a large meal
135
What two layers is the superficial layer divided into in the trunk?
Superficial is fatty layer and then deeper layer is membranous.
136
Where is the scarpa fascia?
Red dot on the diagram
Attachments of the scarpa fascia- deep fascia of the thigh, colles fascia is attached to the ischiopubic ramus bone on each side as well as the perineal membrane.
137
Where does the space in the abdomen continue to?
Deep pouch and superficial pouch
138
What are the fascial compartments of the neck?
The structure of the neck is a series of columns, which are bound by a layer of fascia. At the back- bony muscular column bound by pre-vertebral fascia (completely surrounds the column). at the front is the visceral bound by pre-tracheal fascia and on either side there is a vascular column which are surrounded by the carotid sheath. All 4 are surrounded by the investing fascia.
139
What anatomical features does the pre-tracheal fascia cover?
Pre-tracheal facsia covers the larynx, trachea, oesophagus and pharynx as well as the thyroid gland
140
How should a CT scan be viewed?
As if standing at the foot of the bed. There is a left/right flip as well
141
What are the main neck muscles?
The large diagonal muscle that runs down the neck is called the sternocleidomastoid and it has two heads. It has two heads, the sternal and the clavicular.
The trapezius muscle is at the back of the neck, is massive and helps with posture, lateral flexion of neck and rotation, elevation, retraction and depression of the scapula.
The platysma muscle is a thin and tense muscle that spans from the corners of the mouth down to the chest. It depresses the mandible.
142
What are the different cavities in the face/neck?
Orbital cavity- pyramid shaped, comprised of 7 bones
Nasal cavity- split into 2 by the septum which is then split into 3. Turbinates or conchae separate the nasal cavity into a number of channels which increases the surface area to increase temp of air.
Oral cavity- hard palate forms roof, buccinator forms cheeks and floor is mylohyoid (bowl shaped muscle)
Pharynx- where nasal and oral cavities meet
Larynx- sits at top of trachea and contains epiglottis
143
What is the estuation tube and the nasolacrimal duct?
The estuation tube is where the middle ear connects to the nasal tube, which has a role in pressure equaliser.
The nasolacrimal duct, which provides the eye fluid, drains into the anterior wall of the nasal cavity
144
Where are the different pulse points on the upper limb?
145
In what order do artiers travel down the arm?
Brachiocephalic artery (out the heart) \> subclavian \> axillary \> brachial \> ulnar and radial arteries
146
What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
Boundaries – line joining epicondyles, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – brachialis, supinator
Contents – tendon of biceps, brachial artery, median nerve (lateral to medial)
147
What are the different nerves in the arm and what do they supply?
Musculocutaneous (C5,6,7) – arm, anterior (flexor) compartment
Median (C5,6,7,8,T1) – forearm, anterior (flexor) compartment; intrinsic muscles of hand Ulnar (C8,T1) – forearm, anterior (flexor) compartment; intrinsic muscles of hand
Radial (C5,6,7,8,T1) – arm & forearm, posterior (extensor) compartments
Axillary (C5,6) – deltoid, teres minor
148
What is the brachial plexus?
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves in the shoulder that carries movement and sensory signals from the spinal cord to the arms and hands.
149
What vertebrae does the brachial plexus start from, and what are the names of the trunks?
150
What divisions and cords are there in the brachial plexus?
151
What nerves do the brachial plexus cords go on to innervate?
152
Where does the subclavian artery terminate?
Subclavian artery enters the neck through the superior thoracic aperture, passes laterally towards the shoulder and terminates just past the first rib- changes its name to axillary.
153
What is the brachial artery?
The brachial artery is a continuation of the axillary artery. It runs superficially along the medial border of the biceps brachii muscle and terminates at its bifurcation in the cubital fossa (anterior elbow region) at the neck of the radius.
154
What is an important brach leaving the brachial artery?
profunda brachii, deep artery of the arm. This descends of the posterior area of the humerus and supplies the muscles of the posterior arm.
155
What are the veins in the arm like?
In the distal limb, the deep veins are referred to as accompanying veins- these are paired and surround the artery. Proximally, the pairs merge to form a single vessel . Veins are very variable and have valves. Superficial veins drain into the deep system by perforating or connecting veins. Veins of the hand drain into two other veins- cephalic (lateral side, empties in basilic) and basilic veins. (medial side , joins paired deep brachial veins to form the axillary vein). The medial cubilic vein joins the cephalic and basilic vein.
156
Where can pulse be felt in the leg?
157
What is the order of arteries in the leg?
Abdominal aorta \> common iliac \> external iliac \> femoral (and deep artery of the thigh) \> popliteal \> anterior tibial artery \> dorsal pedal artery
popliteal also leads to anterior tibial artery \> medial and lateral plantar
158
What arteries supply the glutes?
Superior and inferior gluteal artery, Exit the pelvis posteriorly through the greater sciatic foreman and supply gluteal region
159
What is the order of veins draining blood?
160
What nerves supply the leg?
Obturator (L2,3,4) – thigh, medial (adductor) compartment Femoral (L2,3,4) – thigh, anterior (extensor) compartment
Sciatic (L4,5,S1,2,3) – thigh, posterior (flexor) compartment
Tibial (L4,5,S1,2,3) – leg, posterior (flexor) compartment
Deep peroneal (L4,5,S1,2) – leg, anterior (extensor) compartment Supf. peroneal (L4,5,S1,2) – leg, lateral (peroneal) compartment
161
What options are there for muscoskeletal repair?
162
What are the different types of hip replacement?
Total hip replacement- cup, head and stem replaced
Hemiarthroplasty- acetabulum stays natural
Hip resurfacing- only the femur head is replaced
163
What is involved in a knee replacement?
Involved covering both ends of femur and tibia with medical implants.
Plastic spacer to stop metal rubbing and particles coming loose.
There may also be a small plastic patella component- replace a small outer area of the patella with plastic
164
What are the steps in tissue engineering?
Stuck at scaffold stage right now
## Footnote
Cells= could be mesenchymal stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells.
For scaffolds= can use natural/synthetic materials eg collagen, fibrin, PTFE or PLGA. Different techniques can be used such as hydrogels, electrospun fibres, porous scaffold or 3D/bioprinting.
Signals= biochemical or biomechanical- aim is to increase matrix production. Chemical could be signalling molecules or hormones, mechanical could be replicating exercise movement.
