Anatomy Pre-Practical Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

study the following image

A
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2
Q

Enlargement of the pituitary gland in disease often impinges on the crossing fibres of the optic chiasm.

Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?

A

Nasal

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3
Q

What therefore would the resultant visual field defect be due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

bitemporal hemianopia (temporal field lost in each eye)

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary continues down from the __________ _____ and __________

A

Posterior pituitary continues down from the pituitary stalk and hypothalamus

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5
Q

what does the anterior pituitary develop from?

A

Anterior pituitary – larger, glandular (develops from the branchial arches)

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6
Q

a

A

III ventricle

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7
Q

b

A

optic chiasm

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8
Q

c

A

pars intermedia

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9
Q

d

A

anterior pituitary

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10
Q

e

A

posterior pituitary

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11
Q

f

A

mammilary bodies

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12
Q

name 1, 2 and 3

A

1 – anterior pituitary

2 – posterior pituitary

3 – pituitary stalk

Low magnification - Should work out how magnified the image is first

Can see a slight difference in the middle that is the pars intermedia

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13
Q

what is the posterior pituitary made up of and what does it secrete?

A

Posterior pituitary is made up of nerves, neurons and glial cells as it is neural tissue

Posterior pituitary secretes ADH and oxytocin

Only neural tissue in the posterior pituitary

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14
Q

what are the normal features of an endocrine gland?

A

Round nucleus

Abducent cytoplasm

Different nuclei size

Lots and lots and lots of blood vessels

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15
Q

what is this showing?

A

anterior pituitary

High magnification

No particular arrangement

Just a mix of cells

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16
Q

what cells make up the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Cells are of 3 types of cells

Acidophilic – stain pink

Basophilic – light stain and go blue

Chromophobes are pituitary cells that by light microscopy lack stainable cytoplasmic secretory granules, and represent degranulated chromophils, inactive reserve cells, and/or undifferentiated stem cells - dont like stain at all

Stain different as in histology things do different things. Structures in the cytoplasm, secretions they are going to secrete, are different

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17
Q

what is this showing

A

Posterior pituitary

Lots of white due to the myelin sheath

Not a slide only looking at the posterior pituitary

Question may show both anterior and posterior pituitary

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18
Q

Definition of a portal vein (Webster’s)

A

A vein that collects blood from one part of the body and distributes it in another through capillaries

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19
Q

a

A

Neurons that secrete releasing hormones for the anterior pituitary

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20
Q

b

A

Neurons that secrete posterior pituitary hormones

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21
Q

c

A

Superior hypophyseal a.

(a branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery)

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22
Q

d

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

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23
Q

e

A

Hypophyseal veins

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24
Q

f

A

Hypophyseal veins

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25
g
Inferior hypophyseal a.
26
Hypothalamus tells the _________ pituitary when to secrete
anterior
27
The thyroid and parathyroid gland vertebral level?
C5 – T1 level
28
where is the Isthmus of the thyroid gland?
Isthmus at 2nd – 4th tracheal rings
29
What supplies the thyroid and what are they branches of?
Superior thyroid artery – 1st branch of ECA Inferior thyroid artery – branch of subclavian
30
What are the thyroid veins and where doe they drain?
Superior - IJV Middle - IJV Inferior - Brachiocephalic
31
Where’s the parathyroid?
back of thyroid Can’t see it with naked eye
32
name 1-7
1 – Sternohyoid 2 – Omohyoid (anterior belly) 3 – Sternothyroid 4 – Thyrohyoid 5 – Stylohyoid 6 – Mylohyoid 7 – Digastric
33
a
External laryngeal n (branch of Vagus)
34
b
Recurrent laryngeal n (branch of Vagus)
35
c
IJV
36
d
Superior thyroid a. (branch of ECA)
37
e
Inferior thyroid a. arises from subclavian a
38
What are nerves that lie close to the thyroid arteries?
External laryngeal n (branch of superior laryngeal n) lies close to Superior thyroid artery Recurrent laryngeal n lies close in the tracheo-oesophageal groove close to the Inferior thyroid artery
39
what does damage to the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves result in?
Damage to the rec. laryngeal n – hoarseness (if U/L) and if B/L aphonia and breathing difficulties Damage to sup. Laryngeal n – hoarseness, inability to produce high-pitched voices
40
what is this showing?
thyroid
41
Describe the features seen in thyroid histology?
colloid (viscous fluid in the central cavity of thyroid follicles, containing the glycoprotein thyroglobulin) stains pink fibrous septa Big follicles and lined by a called called follicular cells (major cell type in the thyroid gland and are responsible for the production and secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine) Hormones stored inside follicles as a big pink mass Nothing else like this Tall columnar cells when active but when inactive get flatter Mass of cells between folliclae cells are C cells and they secrete calcitonin (hormone that is produced in humans by the parafollicular cells (commonly known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone)
42
what 2 cells can be seen in the thyroid
2 types of cells in thyroid = follicular cells and C cells
43
what do C cells do?
Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced in humans by the parafollicular cells (commonly known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone
44
what do follicular cells do?
major cell type in the thyroid gland and are responsible for the production and secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
45
What is this and describe its features
Parathyroid In the parathyroid gland, the parathyroid oxyphil cell is larger and lighter staining than the parathyroid chief cell. These cells can be found in clusters in the center of the section and at the periphery. Oxyphil cells appear at the onset of puberty, but have no known function Fat deposition in the parathyroid gland
46
a
medulla The adrenal medulla, the inner part of an adrenal gland, controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions
47
b
cortex Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones
48
c
capsule
49
d
zona glomerulosa
50
e
zona fasciculata
51
f
zona reticularis
52
g
adrenal medulla
53
what does the zona glomerulosa secrete?
salt
54
what does the zona fasciculata secrete?
sugar
55
what does the zona reticularis secrete?
sex
56
what does the adrenal medulla secrete?
sympathetic
57
what is this an image of?
suprarenal gland
58
Hostolgoy of adrenal gland: Adipose cytes are _____ looking cells Medulla is the part in the \_\_\_\_\_\_ You can see _______ zones of the cortex
Adipose cytes are **_empty_** looking cells Medulla is the part in the **_middle_** You can see **_three_** zones of the cortex
59
a
glomerulosa
60
b
fasciculata
61
c
resticularis
62
what is the blood supply to the suprarenal glands?
Three arteries usually supply each adrenal gland: - The superior suprarenal artery, a branch of the inferior phrenic artery - The middle suprarenal artery, a direct branch of the abdominal aorta - The inferior suprarenal artery, a branch of the renal artery
63
what is the venous drianage of the suprarenal glands?
Venous blood is drained from the glands by the suprarenal veins, usually one for each gland: - The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava - The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein Right side drains directly into the IVC but on the left side it doesn’t Gonadal veins do the same thing - right side goes right in
64
\_ pairs of suprarenal arteries: Superior from _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ Middle directly from \_\_\_\_\_ Inferior from ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_
**_3_** pairs of suprarenal arteries: Superior from **_inferior phrenic_** Middle directly from **_aorta_** Inferior from renal **_arteries_**
65
Only _ suprarenal vein on each side R into \_\_\_ L into _ \_\_\_\_\_ \_ vWhich other vein follows this pattern of drainage?
Only **_1_** suprarenal vein on each side R into **_IVC_** L into **_L renal v_** Gonaldal veins - Like the suprarenal veins each side drains differently: the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein. the right gonadal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava
66
Pancreas blood supply is from branches of _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
coeliac trunk The main vascular supply of the pancreas is governed by the splenic artery and its subsequent branches, which stem from the celiac trunk. It also receives blood from the superior mesenteric artery, the gastroduodenal artery and also the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
67
what are the main branches of the coeliac trunk?
68
what is this image showing?
pancreas
69
what is 1?
1 – Islet of Langerhans – endocrine part
70
what is 2?
2 – exocrine part – pancreatic acini
71
what is 3?
3 – pancreatic duct (for exocrine part)