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Health.2 > Anatomy: Respiratory 🫁 + CNS Neuro > Flashcards

Anatomy: Respiratory 🫁 + CNS Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

L1 Basic overview of the resp tract

what anatomical strucs inspired air passes through to -> lungs
anatomy of bronchial tree + bronchopulmonary segments

What is posterior to the nasal and oral cavity?

A

pharynx:

combined tube of oesophagus (digestion) and larynx (respiration)

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2
Q

What does the larynx become?

A

the trachea

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3
Q

What special structure is located on the larynx and what does it do?

A
  • epiglottis- valve
  • closes when food is digested
  • separates larynx from pharynx
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4
Q

What structure divides the nasal cavity into 2?

A

the nasal septum

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5
Q

What does air inhaled through the nasal cavity have to pass through?

A
  • nasal conchae covered in mucosa

- olfactory epithelium (smell)

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6
Q

Name the 3 pharynxes and their anterior structures

what are they each posterior to?

A

1) nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavity
2) oropharynx - posterior to oral cavity
3) laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx and epiglottis

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7
Q

What bone supports the larynx?

A

hyoid bone (superiorly)

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8
Q

What cartilages form the larynx? and where?

A
  • epiglottis (superior)
  • thyroid (superior)
  • cricoid (inferior)
  • arytenoid (inferior)
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9
Q

How does the trachea anatomically relate to the:

  • oesophagus
  • great vessels of heart
A
  • anterior

- posterior

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10
Q

What parts of the arterial system are the trachea and bronchi intimately related to?

A
  • arch of aorta

- pulmonary arties

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11
Q

How is the trachea anatomically related to the arch of the aorta?

A

posterior

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12
Q

How are the bronchi anatomically related to the left and right pulmonary arteries?

A

posterior

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13
Q

What nerves are intimately related to the trachea?

A
  • left recurrent laryngeal nerve (on oesophagus)

- left vagus nerve (on arch of aorta)

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14
Q

At what vertebral level do the trachea bifurcate into the bronchi?

A

T4/5 (sternal angle)

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15
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A
  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
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16
Q

What are the lobes of the left left?

A
  • superior
  • (lingula - smaller equivalent of middle lobe)
  • inferior
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17
Q

What is the lingula?

A

tongue-shaped equivalent of middle lobe in left lung

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18
Q

What are the branches of the main right bronchi?

A

middle lobar bronchus

inferior lobar bronchus

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19
Q

What does the middle lobar bronchus go?

A

to the middle lobe

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20
Q

At what vertebral level are the inferior border of the hyoid bone/superior level of the thyroid cartilage?

A

C3/4

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21
Q

At what vertebral level are the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage/start of trachea?

A

C5/6

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22
Q

What composes the respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • naso/oro/laryngopharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • main bronchus
  • superior/middle/inferior/lobar bronchi
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23
Q

What does the nasal cavity do?

A

warms and humidifies air

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24
Q

What is the arytenoid important for?

A

phonation

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25
Q

L2 Boundaries of the thorax

recall 3 main functions of thorax
describe boundaties

3 main functions of thorax?

A
  • breathing (diaphragm)
  • protection of organs + ribs
  • conduit for other structures (subclavian and CC artery)
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26
Q

What structures form the borders of the thoracic skeleton?

A
  • superior thoracic aperture
  • inferior thoracic aperture
    i. e. top and bottom of ribs
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27
Q

What is the sternum?

A

the anterior articulation of ribs 1-10

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28
Q

What structures form the superior thoracic aperture? 4

A
  • vertebra T1 (posteriorly)
  • rib 1 (laterally)
  • 1st costal cartilage (anteriorly)
  • manubrium (anteriorly)
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29
Q

What structures form the inferior thoracic aperture? at bottom of ribcage 5

A
  • xiphoid process (anteriorly)
  • costal margin
  • top of rib 11 (laterally)
  • inferior border of rib 12 (posteriorly)
  • vertebra T12 (posteriorly)
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30
Q

What ribs form the costal margin?

A

6-10

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31
Q

What parts of the thoracic cage does the diaphragm connect to?

A
  • xiphoid process
  • inferior thoracic aperture
  • costal margin of ribs 7-10
  • rib 11
  • rib 12
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32
Q

which point of inferior thoracic aperture foes diaphragm attach to sternum?

A

xiphoid process

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33
Q

L3 Lungs

anatomy of lungs + pulmonary circ
anatomy of bronchial tree + bronchopulmonary segments

What structures are within the lungs? 2

A

mediastinum and heart

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34
Q

Apart from the thoracic cavity, what other cavity does the lungs sit in?

A

the pleural cavity

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35
Q

What is the costal surface of the lungs?

A

covered by costal pleura and is along the sternum and ribs

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36
Q

What is the mediastinal surface of the lungs?

A

that which is in contact w the mediastinum of the heart

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37
Q

What structures are found within the right lung?

A
  • lobes
  • horizontal fissure
  • oblique fissure
  • hilum
  • anterior/posterior/inferior border
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38
Q

what does right lung have that left doesnt?

A

middle lobe

still both have superior and lower lobes

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39
Q

What does the oblique fissure do?

A

separates the superior and inferior lobe

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40
Q

What does the horizontal fissure do?

A

separates the superior and middle lobe

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41
Q

What is the hilum?

A

the points at which the bronchus, vessels, nerves, lymphatics enter or leave the lungs

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42
Q

Why is the horizontal fissure only found in the right lung?

A

because it separates the middle and superior lobe, and the left lung doesn’t have a middle lobe

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43
Q

What is found within the hilum of the lungs?

A
  • primary lobar bronchi
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins
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44
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary blood vessels and other blood vessels?

A

normal arteries will carry oxygenated blood away from heart, whereas pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from heart

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45
Q

How do the pulmonary arteries relate to the pulmonary veins in the hilum?

A

superior to veins

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46
Q

What are the structures within the left lung?

A
  • lobes (superior/inferior)
  • oblique fissure
  • hilum
  • lingula
  • cardiac notch
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47
Q

Why doesn’t the left lung have a middle lobe?

A

heart occupies the left of the thoracic cavity

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48
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there per lung?

A

10- diff functions as all receive own tertiary bronchus

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49
Q

What structures form the bronchial tree?

A
  • trachea
  • carina
  • bronchus
  • left and right bronchus
  • secondary bronchi
  • tertiary bronchi
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50
Q

How does the right bronchus compare to the left?

A
  • shorter
  • wider
  • more vertical
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51
Q

Where are aspirated foreign objects more likely to pass into: the left or right bronchus?

A

right bronchus (wider)

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52
Q

What do the secondary bronchi supply?

A

the lobes of each lung
3 on right
2 on left

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53
Q

What do the tertiary bronchi supply?

A

the bronchopulmonary segments

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54
Q

location of trachea

A

inferior and anterior to oesaphagus

posterior to aortic arch

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55
Q

where does bronchus divide left and right primary bronchi?

A

at level of sternal angle of Louis

56
Q

What is the carina?

A

internal, keel-like cartilage at bifurcation of trachea

57
Q

Which rib does the horizontal fissure extend along?

A

the 4th

58
Q

impressions in lungs mad eby…

A

adjacent structures (bronchus, vessels, nerves, lymphatics) enter/ leave lungs

59
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

an indentation for the heart in the left lung

60
Q

Where does the oblique fissure extend from?

A

vertebra T2-T3 to 6th costal cartilage

61
Q

Which blood vessels enter via the hilum?

A

pulmonary arteries

62
Q

Which blood vessels leave via the hilum?

A

pulmonary veins

63
Q

What are the main lymph nodes of the lung?

A
  • pulmonary/intrapulmonary
  • bronchopulmonary/hilar
  • tracheobronchial
  • paratracheal
  • bronchomediastinal trunk
64
Q

Where are the pulmonary/intrapulmonary and bronchopulmonary/hilar lymph nodes located?

A

within the lung

65
Q

Where are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes located?

A

Where are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes located?

66
Q

Where are the paratracheal lymph nodes located?

A

along the trachea

67
Q

Where is the bronchomediastinal trunk located?

A

in the superior mediastinum

68
Q

Where do the paratracheal lymph nodes drain into?

A

the bronchomediastinal trunk

69
Q

Where does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain into?

A

the brachiocephalic veins

70
Q

What does sympathetic innervation of pulmonary smooth muscle cause?

A

bronchodilation

vasoconstriction

71
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation of pulmonary smooth muscle cause?

A

bronchoconstriction

vasodilation

72
Q

Branches of what give the lungs their blood supply?

A

the thoracic aorta

73
Q

What branches of the thoracic aorta supply the lung?

A
  • bronchial branches

- posterior intercostal arteries

74
Q

Where does blood leave the lungs?

A
  • mostly: pulmonary veins

- some small bronchial veins: azygos, hemiazygos, accessory (superior) hemiazygos

75
Q

Where do arteries to the lungs come from (after the thoracic aorta)?

A

the posterior intercostal arteries

76
Q

Each lung has what features?

A
  • base
  • apex
  • costal/mediastinal surface
  • 3 borders (anterior/posterior/inferior)
  • lobes
77
Q

small vol of blood will drain where?

A

azygos system of veins

78
Q

lungs surroud mediastinum and are surrounded by?

A

L and R pleural cavities

79
Q

L4 anatomy of the pleura

lungs + pleura and neurovasc supply + lymphatic drainage

How many pleura are there?

A
  • 2 pleura
  • parietal (external)
  • visceral (internal)
80
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A
  • space between visceral and parietal pleura
  • filled with thin layer of serous fluid to allow for lubrication required for the lung to slide during inspiration and expiration
81
Q

What are the surfaces of the parietal pleura?

A

o Cervical

o Costal

o Diaphragmatic

o Mediastinal

82
Q

What is the innervation for the different pleural surfaces?

A
  • different innervation depending on their region

- BUT cervical and costal regions have the same innervation

83
Q

What is the costomediastinal recess? role?

A
  • potential space at the border of the mediastinal pleura and the costal pleura.
  • It assists lung expansion during deep inspiration
84
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A
  • potential space around the lung inside the pleural cavity.

It assists lung expansion during deep inspiration

  • assists more significantly than Costomediastinal recess due to its greater volume.
85
Q

What is the nerve that supplies the costal and cervical pleua?

A
  • intercostal nerve

- originates at the T1-11 vertebrae

86
Q

What is the nerve that supplies the diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleua?

A
  • phrenic nerve

- originates at C3-5 vertebrae

87
Q

What is the visceral pleura innervated by?

A
  • visceral afferent (autonomic) nerves via the pulmonary plexus.

vagus nerve
symp trunk

88
Q

What is the midclavicular line?

A

parallel to the long axis of the body and passing through the midpoint of the clavicle on the ventral surface of the body.

89
Q

What is the midaxillary line?

A

runs through an individual’s torso, separating the body into its anterior, or front, and posterior, or back, halves.

90
Q

What is the paravertebral line?

A

corresponding to the tips of the transverse processes of the vertebrae.

91
Q

What is the summary of the pleura and surface landmarks?

p56

A
92
Q

lungs form anteriorly form what?

A

outgowth of the pharynx

93
Q

as lungs push out what are they enveloped in?

A

dual fold of pleura…

parietal: innervated by somatic afferents in phrenic + intercostal nerves.. sense pain
visceeral: innervated by general afferent fibres accompanying bronchial vessels- cannot sense pain

94
Q

what are recesses?

A

space between parietal/visceral pleura

95
Q

inferior margin of what is at rib 6-8-10?

A

lung/visceral pleura

96
Q

inferior margin of what is at rib 8-10-12?

A

parietal pleura

97
Q

L4 muscles of respiration and the thoracic wall

boundaries of thorax + surface anatomy
muscles involved in vent + role of phrenic nerve

What are the main muscles involved in respiration? 2

A
  • diaphragm

- intercostal muscles

98
Q

What is the nerve supply to the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerves (C3,4,5)

99
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there?

A

11 each side

100
Q

What is the posterior blood supply to the upper 2 intercostal spaces?

A
  • posterior intercostal artery

- stems from the superior intercostal artery

101
Q

What is the posterior blood supply to the lower 9 intercostal spaces?

A
  • supplied by the posterior intercostal artery

- this is a DIRECT branch of the thoracic aorta

102
Q

What is the anterior blood supply to the upper six intercostal spaces?

A
  • supplied by the anterior intercostal arteries

- branch of the internal thoracic artery

103
Q

What is the anterior blood supply to the 7-9th intercostal spaces?

A

supplied by the anterior intercostal arteries

  • branch of the musculophrenic artery
104
Q

What is the anterior blood supply to the bottom 2 intercostal spaces?

A

no ANTERIOR blood supply to these areas

105
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thoracic wall?

A
  • 11 posterior intercostal veins & 1 subcostal vein (on each side)
106
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

106
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

107
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

108
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

109
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

110
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

111
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

112
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

113
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

114
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

114
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles? + roles

A

o External Intercostal muscle – inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle –expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - expiration (forced)

115
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

116
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

116
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

117
Q

What are the 3 main intercostal muscles?

A

o External Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of inspiration

o Internal Intercostal muscle – primary muscles of expiration (forced)

o Innermost Intercostal muscle - these are the primary muscle of expiration (forced)

118
Q

What is the relationship between the intercostal muscles and the parietal muscles?

A

layers of muscle are very close to the parietal pleura – only separated by a thin layer of fascia

119
Q

Where are the intercostal arteries/ veins located?

A

in the costal groove

120
Q

mechanisms of the intercostal muscles?

A

o External – elevates rib below during inspiration – moving lung up and out

o Inner and Innermost - depresses rib above during expiration – moving lung down and in

121
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the intercostal muscles?

A

· Innervated by Intercostal Nerves

  • originate at the T1-11 vertebrae
122
Q

order inside costal groove? VAN NAV

A 
vein 
artery
nerve
..
...
..
nerve
artery
vein
123
Q

What are accessory muscles?

A

any muscle that attaches to the rib cage is an accessory to respiration.

124
Q

What are examples of accessory muscles?

A

o Serratus anterior – Elevate ribs (forced inspiration)

o Serratus posterior superior – Elevate ribs (forced inspiration)

o Serratus posterior inferior – Depress ribs (forced expiration)

o Pectoralis major/minor – Elevate ribs (forced inspiration)

o Anterior/ middle/ posterior scalene – Elevate ribs (forced inspiration)

o Abdominal wall muscles – Forced expiration

125
Q

What is the mechanism of breathing In (INHALATION)

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens enlarging the chest cavity. (inc lung volume)
  • Contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. (dec in intrapulmonary pressure)
  • Ribs and sternum undergo Pump handle and Bucket Movement
126
Q

What is the mechanism of breathing Out (EXHALATION)

A
  • diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome-like shape, and air is forced out of the lungs.
127
Q

What is the pump handle movement?

A
  • Superior and anterior movement of chest cavity

- sternum moves up and forward

128
Q

What is the bucket handle movement?

A
  • Lateral expansion of chest cavity

- ribs move up and out

129
Q

end qs… what is pleural cavity (serous fluid filled space) formed by?

A

cavity between parietal + visceral pleura

130
Q

CNS NEUROANATOMY 1: review of CNS terminology

struc and divisions of brsin
grey and white matter
major grey and white matter strucs in brain

what is white matter grey matter, nuclei?

A

W: myelinated axons
G: cell bodies
N: collections of cell bodies

131
Q

role of
corpus callosum?
caudate nucleus?

A

CC: connects 2 cerebral hemispheres
CN: part of basal ganglia

132
Q

rostral =
caudal =
ventral =
dorsal =

A 
rostral = nose
caudal = tail
ventral = belly
dorsal = back
133
Q

what do
somatic nerves supply?
visceral nerves?

A

S: to/from body wall: skin, skeletal, muscles
V: internal organs: liver, GI tract

134
Q

what is ANS?

A

branch of visceral (internal) inenrvation

Health.2 (19 decks)

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