Anatomy September

Question 1

meninges

Answer 1

Dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

Question 1

Cerebrum

Answer 1

• Conscious though processes, intellectual functions
• memory storage and processing
• conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

Question 2

Cerebellum

Answer 2

• Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
• adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

Question 3

medulla oblongata

Answer 3

Controls blood flow through peripheral tissues
Cardiac and vasomotor centers

Question 4

circle of willis

Answer 4

supplies blood to the brain
contains:
1. anterior communicating artery
2. middle cerebral artery
3. posterior cerebral artery
4. posterierior communicating artery

Question 5

Choroid Plexus

Answer 5

Produces CSF
- removes waste products from CSF

Question 6

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Answer 6

some drugs can pass through BBB

Question 7

What does the common carotid artery hold?

Answer 7

Common carotid artery holds the carotid body and carotid sinus and this rises from the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Question 8

Phrenic nerve

Answer 8

If you put ice in the chest and it is touching the phrenic nerve,

You can get Phrenic nerve paralysis which makes you unable to breathe

Question 9

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Answer 9

CPP = MAP - ICP
MAP = Mean arterial Pressure
ICP = Intracranial Pressure

Slide 90

Question 10

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Answer 10

three related syndromes – compression of nerves, arteries, and veins in lower neck

causes pain in the arm, shoulder, and neck

SLIDE 93

Question 11

how much cardiac output and oxygen does the brain require

Answer 11

15% - cardiac output
O2 = 20%

slide 100

Question 12

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 12

• upper limbs
• lower limbs
• pelvic girdle

slide 107

Question 13

Sternotomy/ media sternotomy

Answer 13

when they cut the sternum to perform open heart surgery

bone can bleed

they close the sternotomy with wires and the sternum grows back

Question 14

Cardiac muscle

Answer 14

Cardiac muscle cells
- Are small
- are typically branched with a single nucleus
- have short, wide T tubules
–> NO triads
- Have SR with no terminal cisternae
- are almost totally dependent on AEROBIC METABOLISM
–> contain lots of myoglobin, many mitochondria
- contact each other via INTERCALATED DISCS

SLIDE 184

Question 15

Intercalated discs

Answer 15

Intercalated discs
- Specialized connections
- Join sarcolemmas of adjacent cardiac muscle cells by gap junctions and desmosomes
- Functions include
- Stabilizing positions of adjacent cells
- Maintaining three-dimensional structure of tissue
- Allowing ions to move from one cell to another
–> So cardiac muscle cells beat in rhythm

SLIDE 185

Question 16

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

Answer 16

Automaticity
- Contraction without neural stimulation
- Controlled by pacemaker cells

• Nervous system can alter pace and tension of contractions
• Contractions last 10 times longer than those in skeletal muscle, and refractory periods are longer
• Wave summation and tetanic contractions are prevented due to special properties of sarcolemma

SLIDE 189

Question 17

fluid dynamics

Answer 17

P = Q x R

the pressure gradient between two points is equal to the product of flow and resistance

Slide 192

Question 18

hemodilution

Answer 18

cause viscosity to drop ,decrease resistance to flow, the resistance is the pts vascular system
Have to flow higher when you hemodilute

SLIDE 192

Question 19

advantages to hemodilution & CPB priming solutions

Answer 19

SLIDE 193

Question 20

Predicted HcT during CPB

Answer 20

Predicting HCT during CPB = Patients RBC volume before CPB/ (Patients estimated blood volume + CPB prime volume + pre-CPB intravenous fluid volume)

Question 21

(Resistance) arterioles: friction

Answer 21

SLIDE 196

Question 22

Perkinje fibers and SA Node

Answer 22

Slide 250

Question 23

norepinephrine

Answer 23

• released by adrenergic synapses
• excitatory and depolarizing effect
• widely distributed in the brain and Porians of ANS

slide 253

Question 24

Phrenic nerve

Answer 24

controls diaphragm damage is common in cardiac surgery involving use of ice slush - paralyzing this vein and making it hard to breathe

Question 25

vagus nerve

Answer 25

known as the tenth cranial nerve carries sensory fibers that create a pathway that interfaces with the sympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. it comprises two nerves - left and right vagus nerves it is the longest nerve of the autonomic system and has both sensory and motor fibers

Question 26

alveoli

Answer 26

they will ask questions about their physiology and gas exchanges...NOTHING about anatomy max surface area, makes it possible for every RBC to become oxygenated

Question 27

surfactant

Answer 27

oily secretion coats the alveolar surface and reduces surface tension

Question 28

external respiration vs internal respiration

Answer 28

ER: all processes involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 with the external environment - Abnormal external respiration is dangerous - HYPOXIA - low tissue oxygen levels IR: uptake of O2 and release of CO2 by cells result of cellular respiration - Anoxia - complete lack of oxygen in tissues

Question 29

Daltons law

Answer 29

Each gas contributes to total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance

Question 30

Partial pressure

Answer 30

Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture In atmospheric air (760 mm Hg) Nitrogen (N2) is 78.6 percent (597 mm Hg) Oxygen (O2) is 20.9 percent (159 mm Hg) Water vapor (H2O) is 0.5 percent (3.7 mm Hg) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is 0.04 percent (0.3 mm Hg) Partial pressures in plasma of pulmonary vein PCO2 = 40 mm Hg PO2 = 100 mm Hg PN2 = 573 mm Hg

Question 31

Gas exchange

Answer 31

Solubility of gases in body fluids CO2 is highly soluble O2 is somewhat less soluble N2 has very limited solubility

Question 32

henrys law

Answer 32

Diffusion between liquids and gases At a given temperature, amount of a gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas When gas under pressure contacts a liquid, pressure forces gas molecules into solution At equilibrium - Gas molecules diffuse out of liquid as quickly as they enter it Number of gas molecules in solution is constant

Question 33

oxyhemoglobin dissocation curve

Answer 33

The relationship between pO2 and SaO2 can be represented by the oxygen dissociation curve, which represents oxygen saturation (y-axis) as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen (x-axis). The sigmoid or S-shape of the curve is due to the positive cooperativity of hemoglobin. Slide 177

Question 34

Bohr effect

Answer 34

the effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation curve Caused by CO2 CO2 diffuses into RBCs Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reaction with H2O Producing carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) Hydrogen ions diffuse out of RBC, lowering pH