Endocrine system

Question 1

major endocrine glands

Answer 1

hypothalamus
thyroid
parathyroid
pineal
islets of langerhans
adrenals
pituitary

Question 2

what does t

Question 4

what does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 4

T3, T4, and calcitonin

T3, and T4 increase metabolism and increase growth development

Question 5

what do the adrenal glands secrete?

Answer 5

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 6

pancreas secretes…

Answer 6

insulin and glucagon

Question 7

pituitary gland

Answer 7

the master endocrine gland

makes growth hormone
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone

prolactin

Question 7

5 diff types of cells in anterior pituitary

Answer 7

Somatotropes –> GH

lactotropes or mammotroph?–> PRL

gonadotropes –> FSH and LH

corticotropes –> ACTH

thyrotropes –> TSH

Question 8

Graves disease

Answer 8

Body creates antibodies to the TSH receptors on follicular cells

Question 9

parathyroid

Answer 9

secretes parathormone –> secreted in response to low concentrations of calcium, if this doesnt work then the thyroid will secrete calcitonin

Question 10

adrenal gland

Question 11

what are the layers to the adrenal gland regions?

Answer 11

Adrenal cortex and

adrenal medulla –> stress hormone
stimulate sympathetic ANS (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 12

what are the adrenal cortex zones?

Answer 12

Zona reticularis –> stimulat emasculinizationsandrogens

zona fascuculata –> Glucocorticosteroids - Regulate glucose metabolism (Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)

zona glomerulosa –> regulate mineral balance (mineralcorticoids) (ALDOSTERONE)

Question 13

cushing syndrome

Answer 13

elevated circulating corticosteroid, especially cortisol

effects mroe women than men

caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, which lead to pituitary and adrenal histopathology

Question 14

addisons disease

Answer 14

primary adrenocortical insufficeincy
disorder of the adrenal cortex leading to inadequate production of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones.

causes:
incomplete development of the cortex or its destruction by autoimmune disease ,
Severe infection such as tuberculosis , or idiopathic atrophy .

Insufficient corticosteroid hormones result in raised pituitary ACTH levels

Question 15

tumors of the adrenal gland

Answer 15

Pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma

neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of infant and childhood

Question 16

kidneys are retroperitoneal

Question 17

Pancreas cell types and hormones

Answer 17

major exocrine gland of the digestive tract

Alpha cells - Glucagon

Beta Cells - INSULIN

Delta cells - SOMATOSTATIN

Question 18

major componenet of homeostatic response of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Answer 18

mediates the effects of stressors by regulating metabolism, immune response, and the ANS

Question 19

circulating hormones

Answer 19

Hormones that travel in blood and act on distant target cells are called circulating hormones or endocrines.

Question 20

Local hormones

Answer 20

Hormones that act locally without first entering the blood stream are called local hormones.

Question 21

Types of intercellular communication

Answer 21

Autocrine –> a cell targets itself

Paracrine –> a cell signals a nearby cell

Endocrine –> a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

Question 22

both endocrine and nervous system s

Answer 22

share many chemical messengers ( norepinephrine and epinephrine)

are regulated mainly by negative feeback

Question 23

RAAS –> renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system

Answer 23

regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance

converts prorenin to renin

renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I by angiotensinogen

Angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II by the converting enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Angiotensin II gets degraded to angiotensin III

Question 24

Angiotensin inhibitors

Answer 24

ACE inhibitors prevents enzyme in the body from making angiotensin II (which is a substance that narrows the blood vessels) helps relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure

Question 25

RAAS INcreaseing

Answer 25

Increase inflammation, causes an increased in your RAAS system and an increase in your angiotensin II

Question 26

nephron in kidneys, two main parts

Answer 26

Tubules --> has three parts , two highly coiled parts, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule corpuscles

Question 27

loop of henle

Answer 27

is ALWAYS a U shaped tubule, with a descending limb and an ascending limb

Question 28

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

Answer 28

Regulates filtration granular cells --> enlarged

Question 29

baroreceptorsplasma osmolality

Answer 29

Plasma osmolarity increases --> ADH releases --> water gets reabsorbed --> decreases plasma osmolarity --> ADH stops releasing

Question 30

LIVER

Answer 30

produces CO2, WATER and LACTATE is responsible for, glycogen, production of glucose, glycogenolysis, glucose goes to your muscle

Question 31

know what the organ is and what hormones