Anatomy (skeletal system) Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Bone terminology
A
‘os’
‘osteo’
2
Q
Ossification
A
process in which cartilage is transformed into bone.
The mineralization or harding of bone
3
Q
Osteoblasts
A
A cell that makes bone. It does so by producing/ secreting a matrix that is necessary to harden it. (bone forming cells) cell that adds calcium to bone
4
Q
Osteocyte
A
mature bone cells that are located in spaces in the ossified matrix called lacunea
can convert back to osteoblasts if a injury makes that necessary (living tissue composing bone)
5
Q
Matrix
A
hard intercellular substance
6
Q
Bone characteristics
A
second hardest natural substance in body composed of cells embedded in a matrix osteoblasts osteocytes ossification = hardening of the matrix lacunae canaliculi
7
Q
Function of bone
A
support protection leverage storage blood cell formation hematopoiesis
8
Q
Bone structure
A
Cancellou-> light and spongy
tiny “spicules” of bone, appear randomly arranged
Compact-> heavy and dense
tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bones
9
Q
Most basic function of bone
A
Support
10
Q
Leverage
Bone
A
bone acts as levers for the skeletal muscles to move the body
11
Q
Storage
Bone
A
Bones acts as a storage sties for minerals, and particularly calcium
12
Q
Calcium
A
involved in many important body functions, including muscle contraction, blood clotting, milk secretion, and skeleton formation and mainteance
13
Q
Cancellous Bone
A
spicules of bone with many spaces between them
-bone marrow-
spicules arranged to stand up to forces bone is subjected to
(composed of seemingly random arrangement of spicules of bone separated by spaces fill with bone marrow
14
Q
Compact Bone
A
outside layer of all bones and shafts of long bones
composed of haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone
>concentric layers of ossified bone matrix around central canal
Haversian canal contains:
->blood vessels
->lymph vessels
->nerves
>canaliculi-> tiny channel through the bone
15
Q
Bone structure
A
periosteum: membrane covers the outer surfaces of bones
outer layer – fibrous tissue
inner layer – osteoblasts
endosteum: membrane lines hollow interior surfaces
16
Q
Bone cells
A
osteoblasts-cells that form bone
osteocytes-osteoblasts surrounded by bone
osteoclasts-remodel and remove bone
17
Q
Osteoclasts
A
eats away bone, necessary for remodeling to take place by removing bone from where it is not needed
18
Q
Blood supply to bone
A
Volkmann’s canals
channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels
join at right angles to haversian system
nutrient foramina
->large channels in large (and long) bones
->carry blood in and out of bone marrow
may resemble fracture of bone cortex in x-ray
Bloody supply comes from tiny blood vessels that penetrate in from the periosteum. The blood vessels pass through tiny channels in the bone matrix called the Walkman’s canals.
19
Q
Bone formation
A
one/ two mechanisms 1. endochondral bone formation >cartilage template replaced by bone >primary growth center ->diaphysis secondary growth center epiphysis 2. intramembranous bone formation bone develops from fibrous tissue membranes occurs only in certain skull bones
20
Q
Primary growth centre
A
Uses the cartilage as a template for the bones that will replaced them.
21
Q
Secondary growth centre
A
sell*
22
Q
Endochondral Bone formation
A
new bone develops along epiphyseal plates of cartilage located between shaft and ends of bones
allows long bones to lengthen
23
Q
Diaphysis
A
back*
24
Q
Epiphysis
A
back*
25
Bone shapes
long
irregular
flat
short
26
Bone marrow
fills the spaces within bones
27
types of bone marrow
red bone marrow
| yellow bone marrow
28
red bone marrow
hematopoietic tissue
| most common type in younger animals
29
yellow bone marrow
```
primarily adipose (fat) connective tissue
most common type in adult animals
can revert to red bone marrow if there was an accident
```
30
Bone features
articular surfaces
processes
holes and depressed areas
31
articular surfaces
```
the joint surfaces
smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other = joints
covered by smooth, thin layer of hyaline cartilage called
articular cartilage
surfaces:
condyle
head
facet
```
32
processes
```
lumps, bumps, and other projections on a bone
projections on a bone where tendons attach
names depend on location:
spinous process of a vertebra
trochanter on the femur
tubercle on the humerus
tuberosity on the ischium
spine on the scapula
crest on the tibia
wing on the atlas
```
33
holes and depressed areas
foramen
| fossa
34
foramen
(plural foramina)
hole in a bone
something important passes through hole (foramen in a bone) (blood vessel, nerve)
35
fossa
depressed or sunken area on surface of bone
| usually occupied by muscles or tendons
36
Axial skeleton components
skull, hyoid bones, the spinal column, the ribs, the sternum
37
define axial skeleton
located along the central axis of the body
| bones of the head and trunk
38
Skull
37-38 separate bones
most bones united by jagged, immovable, fibrous joints = sutures
only the mandible is connected tot he rest of the skull by a freely movable Synovial joint
(cats have loose mandible bone)
39
Regions of skull bones
cranium
ear
face
40
bones of the cranium
```
surround the brain, they are external or internal
2-frontal bones
2-interparietal bones
1-occipital bone
2-parietal bone
2-temporal bones
1-ethmoid bone (internal)
1-sphenoid bone (internal)
```
41
Occipital bone
single bone that forms the caudoventral portion or base of the skull
the Foramen Magnum is the centre of the occipital bone and this is where the spinal cord exists the brain
2 occipital condyles
first cervical vertebra: atlas articulates (forms joint) here
42
c-1
atlas
43
c-2
axis
44
atlantooccipital joint
joint that connects the head with the neck
45
Interparietal bone
2 small bones located on dorsal midline between occipital and parietal bones
may fuse into one bone in older animals
46
Parietal bone
2 bones form dorsolateral walls of cranium
large and well developed in dogs, cats, and humans
relatively small in horses and cattle
47
Temporal bones
2 bones located ventral to parietal bones
important for serval reasons:
-form lateral walls of cranium
-contain middle and inner structures
-form TMJ (temporomandibular joints ) joints with mandible
-only ear structure that is visible from outside is the External Acoustic Meatus
48
Forntal bones
2 bones form the forehead region of the skull and part of the socket that holds the eye
horn core develops here for horned breeds of cattle
paranasal (frontal) sinus contained within frontal bone
49
internal bones of the cranium
sphenoid bone
| ethmoid bone
50
sphenoid bone
single bone resembles flying bat and forms bottom of cranium
pituitary fossa houses pituitary gland
of most animals contains a paranasal sinus called the Sphenoid sinus
51
Ethmoid bone
single bone rostral to sphenoid bone
| contains cribiform plate for olfactory nerves to pass through
52
bone of ear
```
ossicles
3 bones
malleus = hammer
incus = anvil
stapes = stirrup
function to transmit vibrations
from tympanic membrane
across middle ear cavity
to cochlea
receptor cells covert vibrations to nerve impulses
```
53
bones of the face (External)
```
>incisive bones (2) (hold your incisor teeth)
>nasal bones (2)
->dolichocephalic (long nose)
->brachycephalic
>maxillary bones (2)
>lacrimal bones (2)
>zygomatic bones (2)
>mandible (1 or 2)
```
54
bones of the face (internal)
Hidden
Palatine bones -> the roof of your mouth (2)
Pterygoid bones-> they protects the pharynx if there wasn’t a bone then the tissue will collapse (2)
Vomer bone ->divides the nostril bones (1)
Turbinates-> fine, thin and paper like. Filtering air-> air is funneled through, provide humidify-> warm it up, put pollutants (4)
-> nasal conchae
55
Hyoid bone
```
Hyoid Apparatus
single U-shaped bone
several portions united by cartilage
function: support and aid in swallowing
(Not just one bone, but a series of tiny bones)
```
56
Spinal Column
```
Vertebral Column
consists of series of individual bones
vertebrae (singular vertebra)
extends from skull to tip of tail
5 regions shorthand
cervical C + #
thoracic T + #
lumbar L + #
sacral S + #
Coccygeal Cy + #
```
57
Vertebrae
```
consist of a body, an arch, and processes
intervertebral disks separate bodies of adjacent vertebrae
(Helps supports and incase
You can feel the spinous process)
arches line up to form the spinal canal
3 types processes:
spinous
transverse
articular
```
58
cervical vertebrae
located in the neck region
nearly all mammals have 7
C1 = atlas ->the occipital bone fits into the wings, the smaller the wing the more turn in your head
C2 = axis ->gives the degree of range
59
Thoracic vertebrae
located dorsal to the thorax
number can vary among and within species
number same as number of pairs of ribs
(Cat, dog, human have 13)
60
Lumber vertebrae
```
located dorsal to the abdominal region
number can vary among and within species
large and bulky to support weight
(Lower back
Cat, dog, human-> 7)
```
61
Sacral vertebrae
fuse to form single, solid structure = sacrum
number fused varies among species
forms sacroiliac joint
(sits on the pelvis
3 bones-> we consider all three as the sacrum because they are tightly together )
62
Coccygeal vertebrae
bones of the tail
number varies among and within species
appearance varies even within individual animal
63
Ribs
flat bones that form lateral walls of thorax
number of pairs equals number of thoracic vertebrae
dorsal heads articulate with thoracic vertebrae
(They are not completely bone but some are cartilage -> which allows us to breath)
bone: dorsal ends of ribs
costal cartilage: ventral ends of the ribs
costochondral junction: area where cartilage meets bony rib
(As it comes to the front before it meets the sternum it is hard cartilage
Most are attached to the sternum, some when they are caudal they start to attach to other ribs in front)
64
Sternum
the breastbone
composed of sternebrae manubrium xiphoid process
forms floor of the thorax
(Individual bones in the sternum-> Sternebra
Xiphoid is the last one
Mammals have a connection between the floating ribs and the diaphragm)
65
Sternal ribs
ribs whose cartilages join the sternum
66
asternal ribs
ribs that join the adjacent costal cartilage
67
floating ribs
unattached ribs
68
where the ribs are fully bone
dorsal ends of the ribs
69
costal cartilage
ventral ends of the ribs
70
costochondral junction
area where cartilage meets bony rib
71
Appendicular Skeleton
Thoracic limb
| Pelvic limb
72
Thoracic limb
```
no bony connection to the axial skeleton
Contains:
scapula
humerus
ulna
radius
carpal bones
metacarpal bones
phalanges
```
73
Scapula
flat, triangular bone
longitudinal ridge = spine of the scapula
forms socket portion of shoulder joint
glenoid cavity: shallow, concave articular surface
(Sits at the back (leonice’s tattoo)
74
Humerus
>long bone of brachium (upper arm from shoulder to elbow)
>proximal end is ball portion of shoulder joint
>tubercles: processes where muscles attach
>shaft extends to distal end to form elbow joint with radius and ulna
(Major supports of weight
Bottom end where we get our elbow joint)
>olecranon fossa (a hollow on the dorsum of the distal end of the humerus, just above the trochlea)
>condyles: distal articular surfaces
->trochlea
->capitulum
>epicondyles: knobs that are non-articular
(Greater tubercle-> hold the joints
Lateral-> ulna forms the elbow)
75
Antebrachium
The forearm
Ulna
Radius
76
Ulna
forms major portion of elbow joint
-> olecranon process
-> trochlear notch
shape parallels that of radius
77
Radius
main weight-bearing bone of antebrachium (before the main bone)
articulates with humerus and ulna
78
Carpus
```
two parallel rows of carpal bones
proximal row has names
distal row has numbers
wrist in humans, knee in horses
(Styloid process-> serving as points of attachment for muscles, refers to the slender, pointed process)
```
79
Metacarpal Bones
extend distally from distal carpal bones to proximal phalanges
numbered medial to lateral
numbers vary by species: horses (1 + 2 vestigial) cattle (2 fused into 1) dogs and cats (5)
(Metacarpal-> palm)
80
Metacarpal bones of horses
cannon bone:
one large metacarpal bone
splint bones: two vestigial metacarpal bones metacarpal II metacarpal IV
no remnant of I or V
81
Thoracic limb bones of cattle
```
two fused metacarpal bones metacarpal III
metacarpal IV
four digits 2
weight-bearing 2
dewclaws
sesamoid bones
2 proximal
1 distal
```
82
Equine thoracic limb bones
```
1 digit with 3 phalanges
>long pastern bone (proximal phalanx)
>short pastern bone (middle phalanx)
>coffin bone (distal phalanx)
3 sesamoid bones
>2 proximal
>1 distal = navicular
```
83
Canine and Feline thoracic lim bones
```
digit I (dewclaw):
1 proximal phalanx
1 distal phalanx
digits II-V:
proximal, middle, and distal phalanx
sesamoid bones
ungual process surrounds claw on distal phalanx
(Plural-> phalanges )
```
84
Pelvic Limb
```
Pelvic limb is connected to axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint.
pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
femur
patella
fabellae
tibia
fibula
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
phalanges
```
85
Pelvis
3 fused bones
>ilium
>ischium
>pubis
pelvic symphysis (the midline cartilaginous joint)
acetabulum (the socket of the hipbone, into which the head of the femur fits)
obturator foramina (large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass)
86
Femur
long bone of the thigh
head of femur fits into acetabulum of pelvis
trochanters attached to hip and thigh muscles
distal end forms stifle joint
trochlea: articular groove containing the patella
(Biggest sesamoid bone is the patella)
87
Sesamoid bones
Patella
| Fabellae
88
Patella
kneecap
large sesamoid bone
formed in distal tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
protects the tendon
89
Fabellae
2 small sesamoid bones
located in proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats
not present in cattle or horses
90
Tibia
```
shinbone
main weight-bearing bone of lower leg
forms stifle joint with the femur
forms hock with the tarsus
tibial tuberosity
tibial crest
(top forms the knee joint)
```
91
Fibula
```
thin, complete bone of lower leg
->parallels the tibia
not weight-bearing
serves as muscle attachment
lateral malleolus: knob-like process
(Muscle attachments
If you have distal tibia fracture then you will most likely have a proximal fibula fracture)
```
92
Metatarsal bones
almost exactly the same as metacarpal bones
major differences:
dogs and cats –
4 metatarsal bones (II-V)
horses:
1 large metatarsal bone (cannon bone) and
2 small metatarsal bones (splint bones)
93
Tarsus
Hock
2 rows of tarsal bones
proximal row named
distal row numbered medial to lateral
94
Pelvic limb phalanges
almost exactly the same as the thoracic limb phalanges
exceptions:
dogs and cats – usually only 4 digits (II-V)
(If they have extra digits-> polydactyly)
95
Visceral skeleton
71
96
Joints
```
junctions between bones
3 general classifications
fibrous
->immovable
cartilaginous
->slightly movable
synovial
->freely movable
```
97
Fibrous joints
```
Synarthroses
immovable joints
firmly united by fibrous tissue
examples:
sutures of skull
equine splint bones
```
98
Cartilaginous joints
```
Amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
slight rocking movement
examples:
intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
```
99
Synovial joints
```
Diarthroses
freely movable
characteristics:
articular surfaces on bones
articular cartilage covering articular surfaces
joint cavity = joint space
->synovial membrane
->synovial fluid
ligaments for stabilization
```
100
Synovial joint movements
```
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
rotation
circumduction
```
101
Flexion and Extension
| Synovial joint movements
opposite movements
| increase or decrease angle between two bones
102
Abduction and Adduction
| Synovial joint movements
opposite movements
| moves an extremity away(abd) from or toward(add) the medial
103
Rotation (Synovial joint movements)
twisting movement of a part on its own axis
104
Circumduction (Synovial joint movements)
movement of an extremity so that distal end moves in a circle
105
Types of synovial joints
hinge
gliding
pivot
ball-and-socket
106
Hinge joints
Ginglymus joints
one joint surface swivels around another
only flexion and extension movements
examples: elbow, atlantoocipital
107
Gliding joints
```
Arthrodial joints
rocking motion of one bone on another
primary motion of flexion and extension
->some abduction and adduction possible
example: carpus
```
108
Pivot joints
Trochoid joints
one bone rotates on another
rotation movement only
example: alantoaxial joint
109
Ball-and-socket joints
Spheroidal joints
allow all 6 types of synovial joint movements
examples: shoulder, hip
110
the general anatomic classification for the skeleton are
axial
appendicular
visceral
111
the long bones of the forelimbs are the
humerus
radius
ulna
112
the main weight-bearing bone of the ante brachium of the thoracic is the
radius
113
the pelvic is formed by these three bones
ischium
ilium
pelvic bones
114
the joint including the patella is called the
stifle
115
the joint type that allows for the greatest range of motion is a
ball-and-socket joint
116
the bending of a joint is called
flexion
117
the medulla of long bones is an important source of
hematopoiesis
118
the shaft of a long bone is called the
diaphysis
119
the shoulder blades are called
scapulae
120
the diaphragm is a muscle of respiration located in the
thorax
121
the muscle used for mastication are
masseter muscles
122
The fibrous band of connective tissue at the centre of the ventral abdominal floor is called the
linea alba
123
The smooth muscles that attach to the hair on the dorsum and raise the hairs when stimulated in dogs and cats are the
arrector pili muscles
124
the strong, fibrous, white bands that attach muscle to bones are called
tendons
125
the strong bands of tissue that hold bones together and support organs are called
ligaments
126
a particular type of tendon that is flat and ribbonlike is called
aponeurosis
127
The immovable attachment of a muscle or the point at which it is anchored by a tendon to bone is called its
origin
128
the nerve that causes a muscle to move is called
motor neuron
129
the membrane of a muscle cell
sarcolemma
130
facial muscle for chewing
masseters
131
forms the chest and adducts the forelimb
pectoral
132
extends distal forelimb
triceps brachii
133
skin twitch muscle
cutaneous
134
hip muscle
gluteals
135
broadest muscle of the back
latissimus dorsi
136
abdominal wall muscle
rectus abdominis
137
flexes the hind limbs
Semimembranosus
138
Muscular characteristics
excitability
contractibility
extensibility
elasticity
139
muscle functions
provide motion
maintain posture
generate heat
140
type of muscle
Skeletal
cardiac
smooth
141
Skeletal Muscle
controlled by conscious mind
moves bones of the skeleton
voluntary striated muscle
well-defined group of cells surrounded by fibrous connective sheath = epimysium
142
Skeletal muscle attachements
tendons
attach to bones by fibrous tissue bands
aponeuroses
attach to bones or muscles by broad sheets of fibrous tissue
143
skeletal muscle attachment sites
origin
more stable site
does not move much when muscle contracts
insertion
site that undergo the most movement when a muscle contacts
144
Skeletal muscle actions
agonist = prime mover
directly produces a desired movement
antagonist
directly opposes the action of an agonist
synergist
contracts at same time as agonist to assist its action
fixator
stabilizes joints to allow other movements
145
muscle naming conventions
```
action
->superficial digital flexor
shape
->deltoid
location
->biceps brachii
direction of fibers
->rectus abdominis
number of heads or divisions
->biceps brachii
->triceps brachii
->quadriceps brachii
attachment sites
->sternocephalicus
```
146
Cutaneous muscle
thin, broad superficial muscles
found in connective tissue just beneath skin
little or no attachment to bones
147
Head and Neck Skeletal Muscles
```
control facial expressions
enable mastication
->masseter muscle
move sensory structures
support the head
raise the head and neck
->splenius
->trapezius
move the head laterally
close the jaw
extend the head and neck and pull the front leg forward
->brachiocephalicus
flex the head and neck
->sternocephalicus
```
148
Abdominal skeletal muscles (functions)
support abdominal organs
help flex the back
participate in defecation, urination, parturition, vomiting, and regurgitation
have a role in respiration
149
Abdominal skeletal muscle
```
arranged in layers
>external abdominal oblique muscle
>internal abdominal oblique muscle
>rectus abdominis
>transversus abdominis
left and right parts come together at linea alba
```
150
Skeletal muscles of respiration (function)
increase and decrease size of thoracic cavity
151
inspiratory muscles
diaphragm
| external intercostal muscles
152
expiratory muscles
internal intercostal muscles
| abdominal muscles
153
skeletal muscle cell
```
muscle fiber
very large, quite long and thin
multinucleate
myofibrils form interior of muscle fiber
network of sarcoplasmic reticulum
system of T tubules (transverse tubules)
```
