Anatomy Topic 2 Case 4

Question 1

The right margin of the heart extends between which landmarks?

Answer 1

• Third Costal Cartilage

- Sixth Costal Cartilage

Question 2

The left margin of the heart extends between which landmarks?

Answer 2

• Second Intercostal Space

- Fifth Intercostal Space

Question 3

Where would one place the stethoscope in order to listen to the tricuspid valve?

Answer 3

• Left hand side
• Fifth Intercostal Space
• Medially

Question 4

Where would one place the stethoscope in order to listen to the mitral valve?

Answer 4

• Left hand side
• Fifth Intercostal Space
• Laterally (midclavicular line)

Question 5

Where would one place the stethoscope in order to listen to the pulmonary valve?

Answer 5

• Left hand side

- Second Intercostal Space

Question 6

Where would one place the stethoscope in order to listen to the aortic valve?

Answer 6

• Right hand side

- Second Intercostal Space

Question 7

Identify the two components of the pericardium

Answer 7

• Fibrous pericardium

- Serous pericardium

Question 8

The base of the fibrous pericardium is attached to which structure?

Answer 8

• Central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 9

Anteriorly the fibrous pericardium is attached to the sternum by which structure?

Answer 9

• Sternopericardial ligaments

Question 10

Which nerve pass through and innervate the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 10

• Phrenic Nerves

Question 11

Which vessels pass through and supply the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 11

• Pericardiacophrenic Vessels

Question 12

Identify the two layers of the serous pericardium

Answer 12

• Visceral layer

- Parietal layer

Question 13

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

Answer 13

• Reflection of serous pericardium

- Located posterior to the left atrium

Question 14

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 14

• Reflection of serous pericardium

- Located superior to the left atrium

Question 15

Identify five arteries that supply the pericardium

Answer 15

• Pericardiacophrenic
• Musculophrenic
• Inferior Phrenic
• Internal Thoracic
• Thoracic Aorta

Question 16

Identify three veins that supply the pericardium

Answer 16

• Azygos system
• Superior phrenic
• Internal thoracic

Question 17

Identify three nerves that supply the pericardium

Answer 17

• Vagus Nerve
• Phrenic Nerve
• Sympathetic Trunk

Question 18

What is the source of pain from the parietal pericardium?

Answer 18

• Somatic afferent fibres

Question 19

Where may pain from the parietal pericardium be referred to and why?

Answer 19

• Shoulder and lateral neck
• Share the same dermatomes
• C3,C4,C5

Question 20

Identify the three layers of the heart, from deep to superficialand provide a brief description of each

Answer 20

• Endocardium consisting of a single layer of simple squamous epithelia
• Myocardium consisting of cardiac muscle cells
• Epicardium, which is synonymous with the visceral pericardium

Question 21

Identify four structures that are located on the base of the heart?

Answer 21

• Left atrium
• Small portion of right atrium
• Superior vena cava
• Pulmonary veins

Question 22

The base of the heart runs between which vertebral bodies?

Answer 22

• T5 to T8

Question 23

Which structure(s) lies immediately posterior to the base of the heart

Answer 23

• Oesophagus

Question 24

The apex of the heart is positioned deep to which landmark?

Answer 24

• Left fifth intercostal space

Question 25

Identify three structures that are located on the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 25

- Right ventricle - Small portion of right atrium - Small portion of left ventricle

Question 26

Identify two structures that are located on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart

Answer 26

- Left ventricle | - Small portion of right ventricle

Question 27

Which structure separates the left and right ventricle on the diaphragmatic surface?

Answer 27

- Posterior interventricular groove

Question 28

Which structure separates the diaphragmatic surface and base of the heart?

Answer 28

- Coronary sinus

Question 29

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium into the right ventricle? Which valve closes this structure?

Answer 29

- Right atrioventricular orifice | - Tricuspid Valve

Question 30

Where does the sulcus terminal cordis extend between?

Answer 30

- Right side of the opening of the superior vena cava to the opening of the inferior vena cava

Question 31

What is the crista terminalis and where does it extend between?

Answer 31

- Smooth muscular ridge | - Opening of superior vena cava, inferolaterally to opening of inferior vena cava.

Question 32

What is the right auricle?

Answer 32

- The space anterior to the crista terminalis

Question 33

Which muscle covers the surface of the right auricle?

Answer 33

- Pectinate muscles

Question 34

What is the coronary sinus and where is it located?

Answer 34

- Opening at which cardiac veins drain into heart | - Medially to opening of inferior vena cava

Question 35

Which structure separates the right and left atrium?

Answer 35

- Interatrial septum

Question 36

What name is given to the depression located at the interatrial septum?

Answer 36

- Fossa ovale

Question 37

What name is given to the outflow tract of the right ventricle?

Answer 37

- Infundibulum / Conus Arteriosus

Question 38

The conus arteriosus is derived form which embryonic structure?

Answer 38

- Bulbus cordis

Question 39

Identify the two types of trabeculae carnae

Answer 39

- Those that attach to ventricular walls at both ends, forming ridges - Papillary muscles which attach between ventricular wall and chordae tendinae of tricuspid valve

Question 40

Identify the three types of papillary muscles

Answer 40

- Anterior - Posterior - Septal

Question 41

What is the septomarginal fossa / moderator band?

Answer 41

- Specialised trabecula | - Forms a bridge between interventricular septum and base of anterior papillary muscle

Question 42

What name is given to the outflow tract in the left ventricle?

Answer 42

- Aortic vestibule

Question 43

How do the trabeculae carnae of the left ventricle differ to those of the right ventricle?

Answer 43

- More fine and delicate | - Smaller

Question 44

Identify the papillary muscles of the left ventricle

Answer 44

- Anterior and posterior

Question 45

Which of the valves include the mitral and tricuspid valves?

Answer 45

- Atrioventricular valves

Question 46

Which of the valves includes the pulmonary and aortic valves

Answer 46

- Semilunar

Question 47

Which of the valves are not attached to chordae tendinae?

Answer 47

- Semilunar

Question 48

How do the shapes of the cusps differ between AV and semilunar valves?

Answer 48

- AV Valves have flat cusps with serrated edges | - Semilunar valves have cup-shaped cusps

Question 49

What name is given to the thickened upper margin of each semilunar valve cusp?

Answer 49

- Nodule

Question 50

What name is given to the thin lateral portion of each semilunar valve cusp?

Answer 50

- Lunula

Question 51

Identify the three cusps of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 51

- Left - Right - Anterior

Question 52

What is a pulmonary sinus and what is their function?

Answer 52

- Part of cusp that fills with blood following contraction | - Forcing the cusps closed

Question 53

Identify the three cusps of the aortic valve

Answer 53

- Left - Right - Posterior

Question 54

How does the functioning of the aortic valve differ to that of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 54

- Left and right cusps contain openings of coronary arteries | - Which, following contraction, allow blood flow into the coronary arteries