Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 2: Cardiorespiratory Fitness > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the cartilaginous and muscular structures of the trachea and outline their function

A
  • C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, to support the mucosa

- Trachealis joins the free ends posteriorly, to reduce tracheal diameter and increase intrathroacic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Outline the five components of the respiratory epithelia of the trachea

A
  • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelia
  • Goblet Cells
  • Serous Glands
  • Basal Cells
  • Stem Cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are the ciliated columnar cells, goblet and basal cells more plentiful in the upper or lower trachea?

A
  • Ciliated epithelia more plentiful in lower trachea

- Goblet and basal cells more common in upper trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aside from the respiratory epithelia, outline the other histological layers of the trachea

A
  • Lamina Propria
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Submucosa
  • Perichondrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify four histological differences between the trachea and primary bronchi?

A
  • Epithelia is less tall
  • Lamina propria contains more elastin
  • Submucosa contains fewer serous glands
  • Cartilage is flattened and composed of intercalated discs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify six histological components of the tertiary bronchi

A
  • Tall columnar epithelium
  • Lamina Propria, containing elastin
  • Smooth muscle, for expiratory contraction
  • Submucosa, containing sparse serous glands
  • Cartilage is flattened and composed of irregular plates
  • Adventitia containing lymphocytes (MALT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do the bronchioles contain cartilage and / or submucosal glands?

A
  • They contain neither cartilage nor submucosal glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which type of epithelia do bronchioles possess?

A
  • Ciliated columnar epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle contained within the bronchioles?

A
  • Controls resistance to airflow within the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which vessel lies next to the bronchiole?

A
  • Pulmonary artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Identify the two types of bronchioles

A
  • Terminal bronchi are proximal and conductive

- Respiratory bronchi are distal and involved in gaseous exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify the additional cell type present in bronchioles that is not present and identify three functions of this cell

A
  • Clara Cell:
  • Produces surfactant components
  • Stem cells
  • Contain enzyme system that detoxify noxious substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Identify the structures distal to the respiratory bronchioles

A
  • Alveolar Ducts
  • Alveolar Sacs
  • Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are alveolar rings?

A
  • Found within walls of alveolar ducts

- Contain smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What name is given to the small opening in the alveoli that allow movement of air between adjacent alveoli and where are they located?

A
  • Alveolar Pores of Kohn

- Alveolar Septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify the two types of Pneumocytes and their function

A
  • Type 1: Squamous cells that line the alveoli

- Type 2: Secrete surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

A
  • Type 1 pneumocytes
  • Fused basement membrane
  • Cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Identify the structure of a cardiac muscle fibre

A
  • Long cylindrical cell
  • Striated
  • Two centrally located nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are intercalated discs and identify two functions

A
  • Intracellular junctions
  • Provide points of anchorage
  • Permit rapid spread of contractile stimuli from one cell to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Outline the three layers of the vessels of the circulatory system

A
  • Tunica Intima composed of endothelial cells
  • Tunica Media composed of smooth muscle
  • Tunica Adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Outline the histological features of the elastic arteries, with reference to their three layers

A
  • Tunica Intima is flat
  • Tunica Media is broad and elastic
  • Tunica Adventitia contains small vasa vasorum
  • Also present are fibroblasts and myointimal cells
22
Q

Why are myointimal cells not considered epithelia?

A
  • They are not invested by basement membrane
23
Q

What is the clinical significance of myointimal cells?

A
  • Accumulate lipid with age

- Results in atherosclerosis

24
Q

Outline the histological features of the muscular arteries, with reference to their three layers

A
  • Tunica Intima is thin
  • Tunica Media is broad and composed of muscle with scanty elastic fibres
  • Tunica Adventitia is composed of collagen
25
Q

Describe the two layers of lamina in muscular arteries and where they are located

A
  • Internal elastic lamina between tunica interna and tunica media
  • External elastic lamina between tunica median and tunica adventitia
26
Q

Which layer of the elastic lamina is usually absent in smaller muscular arteries?

A
  • External elastic lamina
27
Q

What two changes occur in the transition between arteries and arterioles?

A
  • Loss of the internal elastic lamina

- Reducing in number of muscle layers in the media

28
Q

What is the function of the microcirculation?

A
  • Exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients and metabolic waste products
29
Q

What name is given to the cells where this exchange process takes place?

A
  • Capillaries

- Which form an interconnected network

30
Q

What controls blood flow within the capillaries?

A
  • Precapillary sphincters
31
Q

What are metarterioles?

A
  • Capillaries with a larger diameter

- Characterised by a discontinuous outer layer of smooth muscle

32
Q

Describe the histological structure of the capillaries with reference to endothelium, nuclei and additional cells

A
  • Single layer of flattened endothelial cells
  • Flattened nuclei
  • Pericytes which have a contractile function
33
Q

Identify the force compelling venous blood to the heart

A
  • Smooth muscle

- External compression of skeletal muscle

34
Q

How is back-flow of blood prevented in veins?

Failure of this process results in what condition?

A
  • Valves which are derived from the intima

- Varicose veins

35
Q

Identify the 3 types of venules and how they differ from one another structurally

A
  • Postcapillary which are smallest
  • Confluence which are larger with more pericytes
  • Muscular Venules which acquire a layer of smooth muscle
36
Q

How do the walls and lumens differ in arteries and veins?

A
  • Walls are thinner in veins

- Lumens are larger in veins

37
Q

What is meant by the term vena comitantes?

A
  • Multiple veins

- Closely associated with arteries in peripheral regions

38
Q

Outline the histological features of the small and medium sized veins, with reference to their three layers

A
  • Tunica Intima is thin
  • Tunica media consists of 2-4 layers of circumferential muscle fibre
  • ## Tunica Adventitia is thick and consists of collagen fibres
39
Q

Outline the histological features of the large veins, with reference to their three layers

A
  • Tunica Intima is thin
  • Tunica media contains several layers of smooth muscle separated by elastic fibres
  • Tunica adventitia is thick and consists of collagen and vasa vasorum
40
Q

Outline the histological features of the vena cava with reference to their three layers

A
  • Tunica Intima is composed of fibro-elastic tissue
  • Tunica Median is narrow and composed of circular smooth muscle
  • Tunica adventitia is thick and consists of collagen and longitudinal smooth muscle
41
Q

Identify the shape of a cardiac muscle fibre

A
  • Long, cylindrical
42
Q

Describe the number and position of cardiac muscle fibre nuclei

A
  • One or two

- Centrally located

43
Q

Are cardiac muscle fibres striated?

A
  • Yes
44
Q

What structure extends into the splenic parenchyma from the capsule?

A
  • Trabeculae
45
Q

Identify four functions of the spleen

A
  • Production of immunological responses against blood-borne viruses
  • Removal or particulate matter and defective blood cells
  • Recycling iron to the bone marrow
  • Haematopoiesis in the foetus
46
Q

What is the splenic parenchyma?

A
  • Splenic Cords / Cords of Billroth

- Composed of macrophages which are responsible for destruction of aged or damaged cells

47
Q

What is open circulation in relation the the spleen?

A
  • Blood cells entering parenchyma squeeze through walls of sinuses
  • To drain out of organ via splenic vein
48
Q

What is the peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath?

A
  • Cylindrical sheath in white pulp
  • Consisting of T cells
  • That surround a central artery
49
Q

What are the follicles in the spleen?

A
  • Areas of B cells
  • That surround the peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath
  • Containing germinal centres
  • Mantle zone consisting of small lymphocytes
  • Marginal zone
50
Q

What is the perilymphoid red pulp?

A
  • Red pulp
  • Around the marginal zone
  • That contains lymphocytes
  • And is devoid of sinuses

Semester 2: Cardiorespiratory Fitness (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions