anatomy unit 3

Question 1

in early development all cells are …

Answer 1

stem cells

Question 2

Outer most layer makes skin and nervous cells

Answer 2

ectoderm

Question 3

Middle layer becomes connective and muscular cells

Answer 3

mesoderm

Question 4

Inner layer becomes digestive and respiratory tracts

Answer 4

endoderm

Question 5

Over time tissues will degrade and break down

Answer 5

atrophy

Question 6

study of structure
and appearance of
tissue and cellular
lines

Answer 6

histology

Question 7

Large transmembrane
proteins, will connect interior protein networks to exterior protein networks

Answer 7

integrins

Question 8

Layer
of extracellular
matrix that
separates and
provides structure
between cell lines

Answer 8

Basal Lamina

Question 9

Linkage of extra
cellular matrix across a cell line or tissue
type. Becomes a membrane like structure
that tissues can anchor to

Answer 9

basement membrane

Question 10

Gel-like substance of
interstitial fluid that fills in areas between
ECM and Basement Membrane

Answer 10

ground substance

Question 11

Interstitial means…

Answer 11

area between cells

Question 12

Never connects to actin always connects to intermediate filaments. They create a structural connections to tissues

Answer 12

desmosome

Question 13

Calcium dependent junctions of muscle, skin, and bone

Answer 13

adhesive junctions

Question 14

These Junctions can prevent the moving of macromolecules and solutions between cells

Answer 14

tight junctions

Question 15

Cells with common structure and function

Answer 15

Tissue

Question 16

4 main types of tissue

Answer 16

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 17

Two classifying criteria for epithelial cells

Answer 17

1. number of layers of cells 2. shape of cells

Question 18

single layer….

Answer 18

simple cells

Question 19

multiple tiers….

Answer 19

stratified cells

Question 20

6 functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 20

protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, sensation

Question 21

Major role of most epidermis or skin cells, creates a physical barrier, also seen in stomach epithelial tissue

Answer 21

protection

Question 22

Many glands are epithelial or have components of and
secret mucus, sweat, enzymes, and hormones

Answer 22

secretion

Question 23

Pulmonary epithelium Carbon dioxide, while liver epithelium excretes bile

Answer 23

excretion

Question 24

Nutrient up take like in the small intestine. One of the reasons it is ciliated is to facilitate surface area. Also, heat and Vitamin D

Answer 24

absorption

Question 25

Epithelia in kidneys filters blood and nutrients

Answer 25

filtration

Question 26

Skin cells frequently form at end of neurons to facilitate and protect nerves

Answer 26

sensation

Question 27

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 27

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 28

muscle tissue has specialized cells for....

Answer 28

contraction, motion, posture, heat production

Question 29

skeletal tissue is...

Answer 29

voluntary and striated

Question 30

muscle tissue is...

Answer 30

involuntary and striated

Question 31

nervous tissue function

Answer 31

conduct impulses to nerves, muscles, glands

Question 32

Nervous cell that takes an impulse to the cell body

Answer 32

dendrite

Question 33

where the nucleus of the cell is found

Answer 33

cell body

Question 34

Part of the nervous cell that takes an impulse away from the cell body

Answer 34

axon

Question 35

junction between two nerve cells where impulse has to travel across

Answer 35

synaptic junction

Question 36

bind and supports other tissues

Answer 36

connective tissue

Question 37

extracellular matrix

Answer 37

liquid, solid, jelly-like substance

Question 38

major types of connective tissue

Answer 38

fibrous, cartilage, bone, blood

Question 39

Star shaped - protein secretors

Answer 39

fibroblasts

Question 40

release heparin and histamine

Answer 40

mast cells

Question 41

types of fibrous connective tissue

Answer 41

areolar, adipose, collagenous, reticular, elastic

Question 42

These are loose connective tissues made of fibroblasts. Found in fluid matrices around blood vessels, and between skin and muscle cells.

Answer 42

areolar tissue

Question 43

Loose connective tissue that helps insulate and retain heat. Plays a major role in fat soluble storage

Answer 43

adipose tissue

Question 44

Fibers form parallel bundles of connective tissue

Answer 44

collagenous and reticular tissue

Question 45

This is a jelly like or squishy material made of chondroitin matrix.

Answer 45

Cartlidge tissue

Question 46

Protects bone on bone interactions. Mostly translucent and looks like grass like projections found around other cell. Seen in most joints and trachea

Answer 46

hyaline cartilage

Question 47

Thicker spongy cartilage found in intervertebral discs

Answer 47

fibrocartlidge

Question 48

Mix of chondrocytes and elastin fibers. Found in the ears.

Answer 48

elastic cartlidge

Question 49

has limited blood supply and recovers from injury very slowly

Answer 49

cartlidge

Question 50

5 major functions of bone tissue

Answer 50

protection, movement, support, storage, hemopoiesis

Question 51

blood tissue functions

Answer 51

carrying co2 and oxygen, waste, immunity, clotting

Question 52

the set of organs and tissues which makes up the outer most layer of an animal.

Answer 52

integumentary system

Question 53

what is an organ?

Answer 53

When two or more types of tissues group together and preform a specialized function

Question 54

6 main functions of integumentary system

Answer 54

barrier to injury and infection, barrier to external conditions, vitamin d synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication

Question 55

3 layers of integumentary

Answer 55

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 56

Pigments, protection, and keratinized cells

Answer 56

epidermis

Question 57

Sensation, secretion, and hairs

Answer 57

dermis

Question 58

Fats, filaments, and blood

Answer 58

hypodermis

Question 59

Keratinization

Answer 59

water-proofing

Question 60

melanin moving from Melanocytes to Keratinocytes

Answer 60

Cytocrine secretion

Question 61

5 layers of epidermis

Answer 61

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Question 62

Outermost layer Dead, keratinized, non-nucleated cells

Answer 62

stratum corneum

Question 63

Soles and Palms appear clear without nuclei or organelles

Answer 63

stratum lucidum

Question 64

3 to 5 layers of flatten cells containing keratin and shriveled nuclei

Answer 64

stratum granulosum

Question 65

Many layers of cells, large oval nuclei, developing strands of keratin

Answer 65

stratum spinosum

Question 66

deepest layer

Answer 66

stratum basale

Question 67

These cells release a natural pigment called melanin

Answer 67

melanocytes

Question 68

Close to equator or under heavy sunlight =

Answer 68

heavy melanin production

Question 69

Areas with limited UV-B =

Answer 69

Decreased Melanin to maximize Vitamin D synthesis

Question 70

“True melanin” Darker colored melanin more efficient in general and especially at UV-B absorption

Answer 70

eumelanin

Question 71

Incorporates a sulfur linkage in ring, typically with cysteine side group. Found in skin and hair with a large variance of colorations.

Answer 71

pheomelanin

Question 72

Dermis is separated from the epidermis by the ?

Answer 72

basement membrane

Question 73

Dermal papillae

Answer 73

downward waves

Question 74

Epidermal ridges

Answer 74

raised grooves

Question 75

what is dermis?

Answer 75

Highly specialized epithelial tissue with many glands and follicles

Question 76

2 major layers of dermis

Answer 76

papillary and reticular

Question 77

Has many small blood vessels and Leukocytes

Answer 77

papillary layer

Question 78

Has high amounts of fibrous and adipose tissues

Answer 78

reticular layer

Question 79

3 types of hair

Answer 79

downy, vellus, terminal

Question 80

Fine hair covers body in early development, usually replaced by birth or in rare cases just after

Answer 80

downy

Question 81

Found in all skin, but usually nearly invisible. Can be produced by epidermis or dermis

Answer 81

vellus

Question 82

longer, coarser pigmented hair as seen on scalp and other regions

Answer 82

terminal

Question 83

hair functions

Answer 83

protection from UV radiation, protection from dust and particles, protection from organisms, maintains body heat

Question 84

muscles at hair follicles that allow hair to stand up

Answer 84

arrector pilli

Question 85

hair coloration and keratin are ???

Answer 85

genetically controlled traits

Question 86

2 major types of glands

Answer 86

sebaceous and sweat

Question 87

produces sebum, this oily substance plays a role in waterproofing skin and hair.

Answer 87

sebaceous glands

Question 88

coiled tubes of epithelium tissue which are used for the secreting of sweat

Answer 88

sweat gland

Question 89

Release the majority of sweat as we think of it

Answer 89

eccrine glands

Question 90

where are eccrine glands found

Answer 90

glands are found in the forehead, neck, back, palms, soles of feet

Question 91

exertion, temperature, and emotional stress lead to sweat production

Answer 91

creates eccrine sweat

Question 92

Axillary sweat glands found in groin, armpits, anus, and around breasts. Frequently found close to hair follicles

Answer 92

apocrine sweat

Question 93

thick keratinized cells that become entirely protein matric of stratum corneum

Answer 93

nails

Question 94

nail plate consists of

Answer 94

root, body, edge

Question 95

accessory structures of skin

Answer 95

hair, glands, nails