Meiosis Flashcards by Hannah Marlowe

Sister chromatids are?

identical chromatids
created from the same
replicative event. One
half of a chromosome

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homologous chromosomes are?

pair of 2 chromosomes

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sperm and egg cells

gametes

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gametes are

haploid

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meiosis

special type of cell
division which reduces diploid
cells to haploid cells

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somatic cells

non-reproductive cells

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when sperm and egg cells fuse they form a

zygote

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fusion of cells is called

syngamy

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what is the product of meiosis

4 gametes

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crossing over during prophase 1 of meiosis creates

genetic diversity

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chromosome pair up on

synaptonemal complex

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site of crossovers

chiasma

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metaphase 1 determines

gamete genotypes

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Chromosome number does not change during

mitosis

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prokaryotes have —— chromosomes

circular

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circular DNA replication has — forks

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3 constraints of DNA replication

initiation, elongation, incorporation error

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Strand with 3’ end facing fork

leading strand (continuous replication)

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Strand with 5’ end facing fork

lagging strand (semi-discontinuous replication)

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In the minor grove removing steric strain or torsional strain or keeping it from kinking

DNA gyrase

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Moves in the major grove splits DNA down the center splitting nucleotides at the hydrogen bonds. Unzips DNA

helicase

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SSB

keep strand identity and keep strands separated

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Primase

Synthesizes short RNA fragment to allow nucleotide addition.

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DNA Pol 3

Builds off primase adding nucleotides, quickly elongating DNA.

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DNA pol 1

Can remove primers, add nucleotides, complementary base pairs, and “proof reads” DNA

Linker enzyme that connects the discontinuous smaller sections of DNA that is replicated

DNA ligase

Okazaki fragments are formed on

lagging strand

DNA is

Double Helix, made of paired monomer nucleotides

set of paired monomers

base pair

DNA is held together by

hydrogen bonds

Phosphate group

“Backbone” of the molecule. Involved in linking nucleotides together

nitrogenous bases

structures with aromatic rings.

can either be RNA or DNA

sugar

3 parts of a nucleotide

pentose, phosphate, nitrogenous base

5 bases

adnenine,guanine,cytosine,uracil,tyhmine

nucleosides

nitrogenous base paired to a sugar

nucleotides

phosphate group paired to the sugar

nucleoside triphosphate

have 3 phosphate groups

Purines

adenine, guanine

pyrimidines

cytosine, uracil, thymine

prymidines have

one ring

monohybrid cross

crosses which follow two variations on a single trait

inbred/true breeding line

genetic lineage the offspring have the same traits as the parents

hybrid cross

A cross where individuals differ in traits

homozygote

genotype has two copies of the same allele

heterozygote

genotype has two different alleles

dihybrid cross

cross between 2 inbred lines that differ in 2 traits

Mendel's postulate's

units factor in pairs, dominance/recessiveness, segregation, independent assortment

units factor in pairs

Genetics characters are controlled by a unit factor existing in Pairs In organisms

dominance/recessiveness

When two unalike (heterozygous) units (alleles) are present, one unit is dominate to the other

segregation

During the formation of gametes the paired unit factors (alleles) segregate randomly so each gamete receives on factor (allele) with equal likelihood

independent assortment

During the formation of gametes segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other

genotype

The actual inherited alleles.

phenotype

The actual expression of the trait

test cross

Crossing an unknown genotype, with a homozygous individual with a recessive trait

Loci

The physical location a gene is located. Often each locus represents where a gene could be.

multiplication rule

probability of BOTH events occurring

addition rule

probability of EITHER of two events occurring

incomplete dominance

When phenotypic classes produce a heterozygous condition in between that of the two homozygous phenotypic classes

epistasis

Interactions between genes that disturb normal Mendelian ratios

When a genes expression can effect many phenotypes

pleiotropy

SNP

A shift of a single base in DNA

SRY gene

controls male sex development in humans

Barr body

inactivated X chromosome

gene dosage compensation

Equalization of genetic products (proteins) between sexes

chimera genetics

When phenotypic expression is altered by the suppression of genes

genetic linkage

Traits whose loci are in close chromosomal proximity, tend to be inherited together.

genetic mapping

Determine the loci of a trait by its physical or recombination distance from other traits on a chromosome

Meiosis Flashcards

(68 cards)