Anatomy Vocabulary Flashcards
To become familiar with the language and terminology used in Anatomical Study of speech and hearing (127 cards)
1
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Anatomy (Gr. Anatome, dissection)
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The study of the structure of an organism
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Physiology
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the study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical process involved
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Dissection
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Process of Cutting Up
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Applied or clinical anatomy
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Application of anatomical study for the dx and treatment of disease and surgical procedures
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Gross anatomy
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Studies the structures that are visible w/o microscope
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Descriptive or systemic anatomy
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Description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together
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Microscopic Anatomy
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examines structures that are not visible to the unaided eye
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Surface or superficial Anatomy
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studies the form and structure of the surface of the body, especially with reference to the organs beneath the surface
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Developmental Anatomy
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development of the organism from conception
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pathological anatomy
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study examines disease conditions or structural abnormalities
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comparative anatomy
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comparisons across species boundaries
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electrophysiological techniques
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measure electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissues
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cytology
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Gr. kotos, cell; logos, study - study of cells
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histology
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Gr. histos, web, tissue; logos, study - microscopic study of cells and tissue
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osteology
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Gr. osteon, bone; logos, study - study of bone structure
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myology
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Gr, mys, muscle; logos study - study of muscles
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arthrology
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Gr. arthron, joint; logos study - study of joints uniting bones
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angiology
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Gr. angio, blood vessels; logos study - study of blood vessels and the lymphatic system
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neurology
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Gr. neuron, sinew, nerve; logos, study - study of diseases of the nervous system
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proliferation
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rapid increase of cells
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Teratogen or teratogenic agent
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Anything causing teratogenesis - development of a severely malformed fetus. For it to be teratogenic, must have occurred during prenatal development
21
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Anatomical Position
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The body is erect, and the palms, arms, and hands face forward
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Axial Skeleton
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Head and the Trunk, with the spinal column being the axis
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Appendicular Skeleton
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includes upper and lower limbs
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Neuraxis
the axis of the brain, is slightly less straightforward due to morphological changes of the brain during development
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What changes happen to the brain in development?
The embryonic nervous system is essentially tubular, but as the cerebral cortex develops, a flexure occurs and the telencephalon (later becoming cerebrum) folds forward. As a results, the neurosis assumes a T-formation.
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Anterior
Front surface of a body
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Posterior
Back of the structure
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Dorsal (superior for brain)
Back of the body
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Ventral (inferior for the brain)
Front; pertaining to the belly or anterior surface (can be different for quadruped - 4 footed animals and biped - 2 footed animals
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frontal section or frontal view
Divides body into front and back halves - coronal plane
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Coronal plane
Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections
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Median or sagittal plane
Where you divide the body into left and right halves but for Sagittal the halves are not equal in size
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Midsagittal section
an anatomical section that divides the body into left and right halves in the median plane
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Transverse or horizontal Plane or transaxial/axial
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
Radiological orientation always assumes you are looking from the feet toward the head
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Medial
Towards the axis or midline
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Lateral
Away from the axis or midline
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Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
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Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
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External-superficial vs internal-deep
Used when describing the layering of tissues or organs
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Superficial
Towards the surface.
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Deep
Away from the surface
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Rostral
Anterior
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Caudal
Posterior
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Caudal
Posterior
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Terms used to describe neonate and the brain
Ventral, dorsal, rostral, caudal
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Central
Located at the center or core - central nervous system is brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral
Located on the outward surface or toward the outer surface - peripheral nervous system - peripheral nerve
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Proximal and distal
Used when referring to an extremity of the body such as hand or foot. Distal means distance and further away from the center
E.g. right knee is proximal to the R foot
Left wrist is distal to the left shoulder etc
Clinical relevance - some diseases begin distally and move proximally- Parkinson’s
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Proximal
Toward the body - away from an extremity
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Distal
Away from body - towards an extremity
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Abduct or abduction
To move away from midline
E.g. Terms used to describe movement of vocal folds. When abducted they are open
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Adduct or adduction
To move towards the midline
When the vocal folds are addicted they are closed
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Rostral
L. rostra's, beak-like
often used t mean toward the head. if referring to structures within cranium, it means anterior to another
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flexion
bending at the joint
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Superior
Above or farther from the ground
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Inferior
Below or closer to the ground
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Prone
Body in horizontal position with face down (on the belly)
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Supine
Body in horizontal position with face up (on the back)
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Lateral
Related to the side
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Medial
Toward the median plane
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Extension
opposite of flexion - to stretch
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Hyperextension
extreme extension
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dorsiflexion (hyperextension)
flexion that brings dorsal surfaces into closer proximity
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plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
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plantar flexion
flexion of toes of the foot
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inversion
to turn in
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eversion
too turn out
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palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
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ipsi
same
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thorax
the part of the body between the diaphragm and the seventh cervical vertebra
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abdomen
belly
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dorsal trunk
the region commonly referred to as the back of the body
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pelvis
area formed by the bones of the hip area
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The skull consists of two components
cranial portions (houses the brain) and facial part (houses mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, structures related to upper airway and mastication)
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Which two parts of the body make up the trunk or torso?
abdomen and thorax
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upper extremities
portion of the body made up of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
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lower extremity
portion of the body made up of the thigh, leg, ankle, foot
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Five enclosed cavities in which organs reside?
Cranial cavity (brain lives), vertebral canal (spinal cord), thoracic cavity (lungs and related structures), pericardial cavity (heart), abdominal cavity (digestive organs)
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axial skeleton consists of?
trunk and head
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appendicular skeleton consists of ?
upper and lower extremities
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anatomical terminology
set of terms used to define the position and orientation of structures
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tissue
L. texere, to weave
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The building block of the body is?
Cell - living tissue that contains a nucleus and a variety of cellular material specialized too its particular function. Cells differ on the type of tissue they comprise
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Four basic types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues
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epithelial tissue
the cells making up the skin and the superficial layer of mucous membranes, as well as linings of cavities of the body
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What makes the epithelial tissue interesting?
shortage of intercellular material in comparison to other tissue; however it allows the cells to form a tightly paced sheet that acts as a protective layer; e.g. epithelial lining of vocal folds keeps tissues from becoming dehydrated (singers)
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A few examples of epithelia tissues
Secretory - glandular epithelium; absorption e.g. villi - linings of intestines; cilia for hair-like protrusions to remove contaminants "beating ciliated epithelia"
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motile
function involves movement (cilia are motile)
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simple epithelium
single layer of cells
Squamous; Cuboidal; Columnar; Ciliated
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Squamous (pavement) epithelium
Single layer of flat cells; linings of blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymphatic vessels
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Cuboidal (cubical) epithelium
cube-shaped; secretory function in some glands, such as thyroid
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Columnar Epithelium
Single layer, cylindrical cells, inner lining for stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts
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Ciliated Epithelium
Cylindrical cells with cilia; lining of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi
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Compound Epithelium
Different layers of cells
Stratified; transitional
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Stratified Epithelium
flattened cells Ono bed of columnar cells; epidermis of skin, lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, conjunctiva
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Transitional epithelium
Pear-shaped cells; lining of bladder
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Basement membrane
Baseplate; made predominantly of collagen; underlies epithelial tissue; serves stabilizing and other functions, including joining epithelial and connective tissues.
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Connective Tissue
most complex; purpose is support and protection; composed predominantly of intercellular material, known as the matrix
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Matrix
an intercellular material that holds or constrains another material
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Types of connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, white fibrous, yellow elastic, lymphoid, cartilage, blood, bone
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Interstitial
L. interstitium; space or gap in tissue
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Areolar
loose connective tissue; elastic, supports organs; between muscles
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Adipose
Areolar tissue with high fat cells; Cells with fat globules; between muscles and organs
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White fibrous
connective tissue that is Strong and dense, closely paced; ligaments binding structures (e.g. bones); periosteum covering bone; covering of organs; fascia over muscle
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yellow elastic
cartilaginous connective tissue that has reduced collagen and increased numbers of elastic fibers
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mucus
secretion by specialized cells that derive from epithelium
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lymphoid
lymphocytes; make up lymphoid tissue of tonsils, adenoids, lymphatic nodes
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fibrous tissue
tissue that binds structures together and that may contain combinations of fiber types
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Why is cartilage important?
has unique properties of strength and elasticity (important in the respiratory system, phonatory system, and articulation/resonatory system
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Types of cartilage
Hyaline; fibrocartilage; yellow
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Hyaline
blues white and smooth; found Ono articulating surfaces of bones, costal cartilage of ribs, larynx, trachea, and bronchial passageway
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Blood
Connective tissue comprising of plasma, and blood cells suspended in this plasma matrix
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Fibrocartilage
connective tissue fibers that contain collagen, providing a cushioning for structures; dense, white, flexible fibers; intervertebral disks; between surfaces of knee joints
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bone
hardest of the connective tissue
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compact bone
bone characterized microscopically by its lamellar for sheet-like structure
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spongy bone
bone that appears porous; contains marrow that produces red and white blood cells
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fibroblast
L. Fibra, fibrous; Gr. blastos, germ; tissue element able to synthesize and secrete protein; rrespnsoible for the production of the extracellular matrix; helpful in wound repair
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The larynx, trachea, and bronchial passageway are made up of which type of cartilage?
hyaline
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a few forms of healing connective tissue?
fibroblasts -creating a matrix that aids in supplying healing to the wound site
macrophages - responsible for collection off waste or necrotic (dead) tissue. engulf bacteria and dead tissue and digest them by secreting soluble proteins
lymphocytes - antibody supplication
Mast cells - first response to irritation, namely inflammation
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Types of muscular tissue
striated; smooth; cardiac
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Types of nervous tissue
neurons; glial cells
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Muscle tissue
contractile tissue that has muscle fibers capable of being stimulated to contract
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Striated
skeletal muscle, voluntary or somatic muscle (move skeletal structures and can be moved in response to conscious voluntary processes); striped appearance on microscopic examination
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Smooth muscle
muscle found in the viscera, including digestive tract and blood vessels; sheet-lie with spindle shape cells
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Cardiac muscle
muscle of the heart composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashiono
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Which muscle tissue if outside of voluntary control and part of the autonomic (self-regulating) for involuntary nervous system?
Cardiac muscle
