Anatomy Workbooks

Question 1

Briefly describe the process of neurulation and division of the neural tube

Answer 1

1. Neural plate formation
2. Neural folds form
3. Neural folds fuse forming the neural tube
   Neural tube closure proceeds in cranial and caudal directions

Question 2

Be able to name structures of a fully formed brain derived from each of the vesicles and neural tube cavity (ventricles)

Answer 2

3 primary vesicles: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 3

What brain structures are derived from the forebrain?

Answer 3

Telencephalon, Diencephalon:
- Cerebrum
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus

Question 4

What brain structures are derived from the midbrain?

Answer 4

Mesencephalon:
- Midbrain

Question 5

What brain structures are derived from the hindbrain?

Answer 5

Metencephalon, Myelencephalon:
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- Medulla oblongata

Question 6

What ventricles are associated with the forebrain?

Answer 6

Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle

Question 7

What ventricles are associated with the midbrain?

Answer 7

Mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 8

What ventricles are associated with the hindbrain?

Answer 8

Fourth ventricle

Question 9

Define the terms rostral, caudal, anterior/ventral, posterior/ dorsal in relation to the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 9

Rostral- towards the nose
Caudal- towards back of brain/bottom of spinal cord
Ventral- front
Dorsal- back

Question 10

Define the term peduncle

Answer 10

Band of neurons connecting parts of the brain.
Cerebral peduncle- connect cerebrum and mid brain
Cerebellar peduncles- connect cerebellum and brain stem (superior, middle, inferior)

Question 11

Define the term commissural fibres

Answer 11

Run horizontal
Create corpus callosum
Connect corresponding gray areas of right and left hemispheres

Question 12

Define the term association fibres

Answer 12

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Question 13

Define the term projection fibres

Answer 13

Run vertically ascending and descending to form the spinal cord
Connect at the decussation of pyramids

Question 14

Define the terms decussation and chiasm

Answer 14

Decussation- crossing of two tracts that form the letter X

Question 15

Name the arteries entering the cranial cavity to supply the brain and describe their course and branches.

Answer 15

Vertebral arteries
Internal carotid arteries
Arise in the neck and ascend to the cranium

Question 16

Describe the formation of the circle of Willis and its clinical importance

Answer 16

Joining area of the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
Maintains adequate cerebral perfusion

Question 17

List the blood vessels supplying the different parts of the brain

Answer 17

Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Posterior cerebral

Question 18

Describe the arterial supply to the spinal cord

Answer 18

Anterior spinal arteries
Posterior spinal arteries

Question 19

Describe the venous drainage of the brain

Answer 19

Venous sinuses
Great cerebral vein of Galen

Question 20

Name and locate the dural venous sinuses

Answer 20

Superior sagittal
Inferior sagittal
Straight
Occipital
Transverse
Sigmoid
Cavernous
Intercavernous
Superior and inferior petrosal

Question 21

Describe the location and anatomy of the cavernous sinus

Answer 21

Located in middle cranial fossa either side of the body of the sphenoid bone

Question 22

Identify the three meninges and state what is found between the layers of meninge

Answer 22

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
CSF is in subarachnoid space

Question 23

Describe the arterial supply of the dura mater and the origin and course of this artery.

Answer 23

Middle meningeal artery
Branch of Maxillary artery, one of the 2 terminal branches of the ECA

Question 24

Name the folds of dura mater

Answer 24

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragm sellae

Question 25

Identify the dural venous sinuses within the folds of dura

Answer 25

Falx cerebri: superior sagittal, Inferior sagittal, straight sinus Tentorium cerebelli: transverse sinus, superior petrosal sinus, straight sinus Falx cerebelli: occipital sinus

Question 26

Define the term haematoma and distinguish between extradural and subdural haematoma in terms of their anatomical basis.

Answer 26

Collection of blood outside the blood vessels Extradural- between dural mater an dinner surface of the skull Subdural- blood collects under the dura mater

Question 27

State the location of the cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system

Answer 27

Subarachnoid space

Question 28

Describe how and where the cerebrospinal fluid is formed

Answer 28

Formed in the choroid plexus of lateral ventricles

Question 29

Describe the circulation and reabsorption of the CSF.

Answer 29

Produced in lateral ventricles Circulates through interventricular foramens into the 3rd ventricle Passes via cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle Passes from 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space by a sign median aperture (of Magendie) and paired lateral apertures (pf Lushka) Reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations

Question 30

Identify on a bony skull where the dural folds attach.

Answer 30

Falx cerebri: crista galli anteriorly Tentorium cerebelli: dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone anteriorly