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Nervous System > CNS Physiology > Flashcards

CNS Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neurons
Glial cells

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2
Q

What forms white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

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3
Q

What forms gray matter?

A

Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites and axons

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4
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the spinal cord

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5
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the brain

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6
Q

What are the types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cell
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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7
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Spaces within the brain

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8
Q

What are the names of the ventricles?

A

Lateral ventricles
III ventricle
IV ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct

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9
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 coverings of CNS
- Dura
- Arachnoid
- Pia

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10
Q

What forms the CSF?

A

Chroid plexus in each ventricle

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11
Q

Where is CSF stored?

A

Subarachnoid space

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12
Q

What is the purpose of CSF?

A

Physical and chemical protection

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13
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Highly selective permeability of brain capillaries shelters brain from toxins and fluctuations in hormones, ions and neurotransmitters in the blood.

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14
Q

What are the features of brain capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells form tight junctions

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15
Q

What are the 2 branches of a spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal root
Ventral root

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16
Q

What does the dorsal root carry?

A

Sensory information

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17
Q

What does the ventral root carry?

A

Motor information

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18
Q

What are the divisions of the gray matter?

A

Dorsal horn
Ventral horn
Lateral horn

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19
Q

What are the divisions of the white matter?

A

Ascending tracts- sensory info to brain
Descending tracts- efferent signals from brain

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20
Q

What are the components of the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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21
Q

What are the surface features of the medulla?

A
  • Pyramids and their decussation (crossing over)
  • Olives laterally
  • Connected to cerebellum by inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII from its surface
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22
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Ventral side of brain stem above the medulla and below the midbrain

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23
Q

What are the surface features of the pons?

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Cranial nerve V, VI, VII, VIII originate from its surface
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24
Q

What does the midbrain develop from?

A

Mesencephalon

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25
Q

What are the surface features of the midbrain?

A
  • Cerebral peduncle
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
  • Corpora quadrigemina
  • Origin of oculomotor (CNIII) and trochlear (CNIV)
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26
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Process sensory information and coordinate movement

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27
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

In between the brainstem and cerebrum

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28
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Pineal glands

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29
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay station- receives all sensory information from lower part of CNS

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30
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Centre for homeostasis
Output influences many functions of ANS

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31
Q

What are the exact functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Activates sympathetic nervous system
  2. Maintains body temp.
  3. Controls body osmolarity
  4. Controls reproductive functions
  5. Controls food intake
  6. Interacts with limbic system
  7. Influences cardiovascular control centre
  8. Secretes hormones that control pituitary gland
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32
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Site of higher brain functions

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33
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

2 hemispheres
Connected by corpus callosum

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum?

A

Ensures the 2 hemispheres communcate and cooperate with each other

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35
Q

What are sulci and gyri?

A

Sulci- grooves
Gyri- elevations

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36
Q

What sulci are present in the cerebrum?

A

Lateral sulcus
Central sulcus
Cingulate sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus

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37
Q

What gyri are present in the cerebrum?

A

Precentral and Postcentral gyrus
Superior, Middle and Inferior frontal gyrus
Superior, Middle and Inferior temporal gyrus

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38
Q

What are the divisions of the cerebral gray matter?

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system

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39
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum, only a few mm thick

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40
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies buried within white matter

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41
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Surrounds the brainstem
Involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour
Major areas:
- Amygdala
- Cingulate gyrus
- Para hippocampal gyrus
- Hippocampus

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42
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Sensory areas- perception
  2. Motor areas- movement
  3. Association areas- integrate information
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43
Q

What are the functional areas of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Primary motor cortex- skeletal muscle movement
  2. Motor association area (premotor cortex)- skeletal muscle movement
  3. Prefrontal association area
    All 3-coordinate information from other association areas
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44
Q

What are the functional areas of the parietal lobe?

A
  1. Primary somatic sensory cortex (somatosensory cortex)
  2. Sensory association area
    Both receive information from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera and taste buds
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45
Q

What are the functional areas of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. Olfactory cortex- smell
  2. Auditory cortex- hearing
  3. Auditory association area- hearing
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46
Q

What are the functional areas of the occipital lobe?

A
  1. Visual association area- vision
  2. Visual cortex- vision
47
Q

What is Brodmann area 1,2,3?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
(Parietal lobe)

48
Q

What is Brodmann area 4?

A

Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
(Frontal lobe)

49
Q

What is Brodmann area 5?

A

Somatosensory association cortex
(Parietal lobe)

50
Q

What is Brodmann area 6?

A

Premotor and supplementary motor cortex
(Frontal lobe)

51
Q

What is Brodmann area 17?

A

Primary visual cortex
(Occipital lobe)

52
Q

What is Brodmann area 18 and 19?

A

Visual association cortex
(Occipital lobe)

53
Q

What is Brodmann area 22?

A

Primary auditory cortex

54
Q

What is Brodmann area 22, 39 and 40?

A

Wernicke’s area- language comprehension
(Temporal lobe)

55
Q

What is Brodmann area 44 and 45?

A

Broca’s area- motor speech programming
(Frontal lobe)

56
Q

What are the consequences of a parietal lobe lesion?

A

Hemisensory neglect
Right-left agnosia- unable to identify objects
Acalculia- unable to count
Agraphia- unable to write

57
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Problem with speech due to damage to speech areas in brain

58
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A
  • Damage to frontal lobe
  • Weakness/paralysis of one side of body
  • Understands speech
  • Misses small words
  • Aware of difficulties in speech
59
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • Damage to temporal lobe
  • No paralysis
  • Fluent speech but meaningless words
  • Can’t understand speech
  • Doesn’t know of mistakes
60
Q

Where is white matter in the cerebrum found?

A

In the interior in bundles of fibres which form tracts

61
Q

What are the 3 types of myelinated axons bundled into tracts?

A
  1. Commisural fibres
  2. Association fibres
  3. Projection fibres
62
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Connect corresponding areas of two hemispheres
e.g.corpus callosum

63
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Connect one part of the cortex with the other

64
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Run between cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres. Pass through the corona radiata and internal capsule

65
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

A deep subcortical structure that contains a concentration of white matter projection fibres passing to and from cerebral cortex

66
Q

Where is the internal capsule located?

A

Between caudate nucleus medially and lentiform nucleus laterally

67
Q

What are the individual basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Lentiform nucleus= putamen + globus pallidus
Substantia nigra

68
Q

What are the input basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen

69
Q

What are the output basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra

70
Q

What is sleep?

A

State of unconsciousness from which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli

71
Q

What is coma?

A

State of unconsciousness from which an individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to stimuli

72
Q

What is neuronal plasticity?

A

Capacity of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience and injury.

73
Q

What does level of consciousness depend on?

A

Balance in activity of the arousal centres and sleep centres in the reticular formation of the brain stem.

74
Q

What molecules contribute to sleep?

A

Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP)
Melatonin
Adenosine
Serotonin

75
Q

How is melatonin released?

A

From the pineal gland
Release controlled by Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus
Circadian rhythm of release

76
Q

How does melatonin induce sleep?

A

Melatonin inhibits orexin

77
Q

What is orexin?

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter released from the hypothalamus that is required for wakefulness

78
Q

What is narcolepsy caused by?

A

Defective orexin signalling

79
Q

How does serotonin induce sleep?

A

Precursor to melatonin

80
Q

What are SSRI’s?

A

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors
Common treatment for depression
Act to increased serotonin levels in synapse to induce sleep

81
Q

What is alpha wave pattern on EEG?

A

Relaxed awake state.
High freq, Medium amp.

82
Q

What is Beta wave pattern on EEG?

A

Alert awake state.
Very high freq, Low amp.

83
Q

What is Theta wave pattern on EEG?

A

Early sleep.
Low freq, Varying amp.

84
Q

What is Delta wave pattern on EEG?

A

Deep sleep
Low freq, High amp/

85
Q

What is stage 1 of the sleep cycle?

A

Slow wave, non-REM sleep.
Slow eye movements.
High amp, low frequency theta waves

86
Q

What is stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

A

Eye movements stop
Frequency slows further but EEG shows bursts of rapid waves called sleep spindles

87
Q

What is stage 3 of the sleep cycle?

A

High amplitude, very low frequency delta waves

88
Q

What is stage 4 of the sleep cycle?

A

Exclusively delta waves
Deep sleep

89
Q

What is stage 5 of the sleep cycle?

A

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
High frequency, Low amplitude

90
Q

What is the trend from stage 1-4?

A

Increasing amplitude
Decreasing frequency

91
Q

How long is each sleep cycle?

A

90-110 mins
4-5 times per night

92
Q

What are the physiological characteristics of deep sleep?

A

Most restful type
Decreased vascular tone
Decreased respiratory rate
Decreased basal metabolic rate
Active hippocampus

93
Q

What are the physiological characteristics of REM sleep?

A

Dreams occur
Eye muscles show bursts of rapid activity
Profound inhibition of all other skeletal muscle due to inhibitory projections from pons to spinal cord
Depends on cholinergic pathways within reticular formation
EEG mimics B wave of alert awake

94
Q

What is the impact of anticholinesterases on REM sleep?

A

Prevent breakdown of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft
Increases time spent in REM sleep

95
Q

Why do babies sleep more than adults?

A

Total time asleep is greatest during development when brain maturation and synaptic formation is occurring rapidly

96
Q

What are some common sleep disorders?

A

Insomnia
Nightmares
Night terrors
Somnambulism (sleep walking)
Narcolepsy

97
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Chronic inability to obtain a necessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behaviour

98
Q

What are nightmares?

A

Strong visual component
Seen in REM sleep

99
Q

What are night terrors?

A

Occur in deep, delta sleep
3-8 years of age common
Child doesn’t remember episode

100
Q

What is somnambulism?

A

Occurs in stage 4 deep sleep
More common in children and young adults due to decline in stage 4 sleep with age

101
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Enter directly into REM sleep with little warning
Linked to dysfunction of orexin release from hypothalamus

102
Q

What are the 3 components for learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus- formation of memories
Cortex- storage of memories
Thalamus- accesses memories

103
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

The limbic system is the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses

104
Q

What are the areas of the limbic system?

A

Hypothalamus- ANS responses
Hippocampus- memory
Cingulate gyrus- emotion
Amygdala- emotion

105
Q

What are the 4 memory divisions?

A

Sensory memory- few seconds
Short term memory- seconds to hours
Working memory- hours to weeks
Long term memory- lifelong

106
Q

What is involved in short term memory?

A

Depends on maintained excitation from reverberating circuits
Each synapse in a reverberating circuit is excitatory

107
Q

What happens if reverberation is disrupted?

A

Amnesia

108
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Cannot form new memories

109
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Cannot access old memories

110
Q

What is involved in intermediate long term/Working memory?

A

Chemical changes in presynaptic neurons

111
Q

What is involved in long term memory?

A

Structural changes at synapses:
1. Increase in neurotransmitter release
2. Increase in vesicles
3. Increase in no. of presynaptic terminals
4. Also increased amplitude in EPSP in post synaptic cells

112
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

Converts short term memory into long term memory
Involves selective strengthening of synaptic connections through repetition

113
Q

What is memory coding?

A

New memories are ‘coded’ then stored in sensory and association areas of the cortex
Results in new memories being stored alongside other existing memories the brain deems similar

113
Q

What is memory coding?

A

New memories are ‘coded’ then stored in sensory and association areas of the cortex
Results in new memories being stored alongside other existing memories the brain deems similar

Nervous System (18 decks)

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