anats Flashcards
1
Q
Olfactory nerves
A
is the first andshortest cranial nerve.
special visceral afferent nerve, which transmits information relating to smell
2
Q
Paranasal air sinuses
A
air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity
3
Q
Name the paranasal air sinuses
What are tehy lined with ?
A
maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid.
lined by a ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells
4
Q
Nasal cavity blood supply
A
Known as hitters area and is a common site for nose bleeds
5
Q
Pharynx
A
Space posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx
Constrictor muscles in posterior wall of pharynx – help with swallowing
6
Q
Parts of the pharynx
A
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
7
Q
Neuro supply to the pharynx
A
pharyngeal plexus glossopharyngeal nerve -sensory; vagus nerve -motor
8
Q
Venous drainage of pharynx
A
Internal jugular vein
9
Q
Arteries to pharynx
A
branches of the facial, maxillary, laryngeal and lingual arteries
10
Q
Lymph drainage to pharynx
A
retro pharyngeal then deep cervical nodes
11
Q
Laryngeal cartilidges
A
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoids, cuneiforms and corniculates
12
Q
Membranes of the larynx
A
thyrohyoid, cricothyroid and cricotracheal
13
Q
what are laryngegal folds
A
protection of the airway, breathing, and phonation.
True vocal cords and false vcal cords
14
Q
True vocal folds
A
Under the control of the muscles of phonation, they are abducted, adducted, relaxed and tensed to control the pitch of the sound created.
15
Q
Vestibular folds
A
FALSE vocal cords
Superior to true
Fixed folds that provide protection to the larynx
16
Q
What is the glottis
A
aperture between vocal folds
17
Q
Function of larynx
A
sphincter( closes off larungeal inlet= no food, moves up anteriorly and superiorly ) and phonation(sound production )
18
Q
Relation to larynx
whats it made from
A
Communicates with: trachea( inferior), pharynx ( posterior), oral cavity ( superior and anterior)
Suspended from hyoid bone above and attached to trachea below
FIBROCARTILAGENOUS hollow tube
19
Q
3 sections of the larynx
A
Supraglottis
Glottis
Subglottis
20
Q
Supraglottis
A
From the inferior surface of the epiglottis to the vestibular folds (false vocal cords).
21
Q
glottis
A
Contains vocal cords and 1cm below them. The openingbetween the vocal cords is known as rima glottidis, the size of which is altered by the muscles of phonation.
22
Q
Subglottis
A
From inferior border of the glottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
23
Q
What is the larynx lined with
A
pseudostratifiedciliated columnar epithelium
BUT true vocal cords are lined with stratified squamous epithelium
24
Q
Nerve supply to the larynx
A
VAGUS
Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid) and mucosa below vocal folds
Superior laryngeal nerve divides into the external branch which supplies cricothyroid muscle and the internal branch which supplies mucosa above vocal folds
25
What are the types of extrinsic muscles of the larynx and what are they in general
move the larynx superiorly and inferiorly. AS A WHOLE
They are comprised of the suprahyoid and infra hyoid groups, and the stylopharyngeus (a muscle of the pharynx)
attach to the hyoid bone
26
What are the suprahyoid group muscles
mylohyoid,diagastric, geniohyoid and stylohyoid – fix and elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
27
Infrahyoid extrinsic muscles
sternothyroid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid = lower the hyoid bone and larynx
28
Role of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Pull on vocal cords
Act on the Cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid joints
Adjust tendon, facilitate laryngeal inlet closure, control dimensions of glottis
29
Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
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Cricothyroid
Posterior cricoartythenoids
Lateral cricoarytenoids
Thryoarytenoids
Oblique and transverse arytenoids
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30
Cricothyoid
Attachments
Actions
Innervation
Attachments: Originates from the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage, and attaches to the inferior margin and inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage.
Actions: Stretches and tenses the vocal ligament.
Innervation: External laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal).
31
Thyroarytenoid
Attachments
Actions
Innervation
The thyroarytenoid muscle acts to relax the vocal ligament, allowing for a softer voice.
Attachments: Originates from the inferoposterior aspect of the angle of the thyroid cartilage, and attaches to the anterolateral part of the arytenoid cartilage.
Actions: Relaxes the vocal ligament.
Innervation: Inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal).
32
Posterior cricoaryenoid
Attachments
Actions
Innervation
sole abductors of the vocal folds, and thus the only muscle capable of widening the rima glottidis.
Attachments: Originates from the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage, and attaches to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.
Actions: Abducts vocal folds.
Innervation: Inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal).
33
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Attachments
Actions
Innervation
major adductors of the vocal folds. This narrows the rima glottidis, modulating the tone and volume of speech.
Attachments: Originates from the arch of the cricoid cartilage, and attaches to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.
Actions: Adducts the vocal folds.
Innervation: Inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal).
34
Transverse adn oblique arytenoids
Attachments
Actions
Innervation
adduct the arytenoid cartilages, closing the posterior portion of rima glottidis. This narrows the laryngeal inlet.
Attachments: Spans from one arytenoid cartilage to the opposite arytenoid.
Actions: Adducts the arytenoid cartilages.
Innervation: Inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal).
35
Membranes and ligaments examples in the larynx
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Thyrohyoid membrane
Median thyrohyoid ligament – Anteromedial thickening of the membrane.
Lateral thyrohyoid ligaments – Posterolateral thickenings of the membrane.
Hyo-epiglottic ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
Median cricothyroid ligament
Cricothyroid ligament
Quadrangular membrane
```
36
Function of ligaments and membranes in the larynx
support the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx, whilst the folds are involved in airway protection and phonation.
37
Explain the true vocal cords superficial to deep
Non keratisied stratified squamous epithelium
Reinkes space
Vocal ligament
Vocalis muscle
38
Reinkes space
TRUE vocal cords
watery, amorphous layer is rich in glycosaminoglycans.
fluidity= the epithelium is able to vibrate freely above it to create sound.
39
Vocalis muscle
Exceptionally fine muscle fibres that lie lateral to the vocal ligaments.
40
Vocal folds description
| Space between true vocal folds
avascular, and appear white in colour
| Rima glottidis
41
Vestibular folds explained
```
superiorly to the true vocal cords.
vestibular ligament (free lower edge of the quadrangular membrane) covered by a mucous membrane, and are pink in colour.
They are fixed folds, which act to provide protection to the larynx
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42
Vocal cavity
| Covering
Begins at laryngeal inlet/ends at trachea
| Covered by mucosa – epithelial lining with modified salivary glands
43
What are the laryngeal cartilidges
nine cartilages located within the larynx; three unpaired, and six paired.
form the laryngeal skeleton, which provides rigidity and stability
44
Unpaired laryngeal cartilidges
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
45
Epiglottis cartilidge
Leaf shaped
Elastic cartilidge
Entrance to larynx
Flattens and moves posteriorly to close off the larynx and prevent aspiration
46
Thyroid cartilidge
2 sheets which join anteriorly to form the larygeal prominence ( adams apple)
47
Cricoid cartilidge
Complete ring of hyaline cartilage
Narrower arch anteriorly - signet ring
Encircles airway making inferior border of larynx at c6
Articulates with paried arytenoid cartilidges posteriorly
Pressure can be applied to occlude oesphagus
48
paired cartilidges
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
49
Arytenoid cartilidge
PAIRED
Pyramidal shaped sitting on cricoid
Apex, base, vocal process and muscular process
50
Corniculate cartilidge
Minor cartilaginous structures
Paired
Articulate with arytenoid
51
Cuneiform cartilidges
Within aryepiglottic folds
| STRENGTHEN with no direct attachment
52
Thoracic cage
12thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs and coastal cartilages
Sternum
thoracic inlet
53
Costovertebral joint
Refers to joints between ribs and vertebrae , SYNOVIAL JOINT
Can be:
Between the head of rib and vertebral body
Between tubercule of rib and transverse process of vertebrae ( costotransverse)
54
Where does rib articulate with verebrae
Corresponding rib articulates with its associated superior demi facet of vertebrae and inferior demi facet of verebrae above
E.g. if you have rib 3 , articulates with 3rd vertebral body below and inferior demi facet of 2nd vertebral body
55
Intervertebral joint
Synovial joints between articular processes
| Symphases between vertebral bodies
56
Stenocoastal and interchondral joints
Primary cartilaginous joint – 1st sternocastal joint considered a primar…
Synovial joints = remaining sternocoastal joints
Interchondral joints = synovial supported by intercondral ligaments
attach the sternum (sterno-) with the costal cartilages (-chondral) of the thorax.
57
XIPHISTERNAL and manubriosternal joints
Manu= symphysis, formed by the inferior border of the manubrium and the superior border of the sternal bod
Xiph=sympysis, near the bottom of the sternum, where the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process meet
58
Costochondral joints
10 pairs
between each rib and its coastal cartilidge
Hyaline cartilidge
Primary cartilaginous
59
Sternoclavicular junction
Saddle shaped synovial joint
60
Arteries to thoracic wall
Internal thoracic artery and the anterior & posterior intercostal arteries and veins
61
Veins from thoracic wall
Anteriorly the thoracic veins drain into brachiocephallic vein
Posteriorly the azygous veins drain into the superior vena cava
62
Nervous supply of throacic wall
Ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves form intercostal nerves, and receive rami communicants from the sympathetic trunk
63
The diaphragm
| 2 main functions
double-domed musculotendinous sheet, located at the inferior-most aspect of the rib cage. It serves two main functions:
Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Undergoes contraction and relaxation, altering the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs, producing inspiration and expiration.
64
Peripheral attachments of diagram
Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments.
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11-12).
Xiphoid process of the sternum.
65
Left crus of diaphragm
Arises from L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs.
66
Right crus of diaphragm
Arises from L1-L3 and their intervertebral discs. Some fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal opening, acting as a physiological sphincter to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus.
67
Central tendon of the diaphragm and the domes
The muscle fibres of the diaphragm combine to form a central tendon. tendon ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium. Either side of the pericardium, the diaphragm ascends to form left and right domes.
68
What are the crus of diaphragm
The parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae( tendinous in structure)
69
Right dome vs left dome placement
the right dome lies slightly higher than the left – this is thought to be due to the presence of the liver.
70
Pathways through the diagram
T8 – inferior vena cava and terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
T10- oesphagus, right and left vagus nerves, esophageal branches of left astric artery/vein
T12- aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein
71
Innervation from diaphragm
motor innervation from the phrenic nerve. The left half of the diaphragm (known as a hemidiaphragm) is innervated by the left phrenic nerve, and vice versa. Each phrenic nerve is formed in the neck within the cervical plexus and contains fibres from spinal roots C3-C5.
72
Arterial supply to the diaphragm
inferior phrenic arteries, which arise directly from the abdominal aorta.
73
Trachea - posterior anterior and lateral
Anteriorly –thyroid isthmus at 2ndand 3rdtracheal cartilage; left brachiocephalic vein
Posteriorly –oesophagus
Laterally –the lobes of the thyroid gland and the carotid sheath, containing the common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve
74
Bifurcation ( carina)
t4/t5
trachea
occurs between the division of the two main bronchi
75
Lobes of lung
Right has 3, left has 2
76
Where do vessels and bronchi enter the lung
at the root;on medial surface of lung, this is knownas the hilum
77
Lung tissue and visceral pleura is supplied by..
drained by
vasculature
bronchial arteries, branches of desc. Aorta
Corresponding bronchial veins drain into azygos and hemiazygos veins
78
Nervous innervation to lung tissue and visceral pleura
Lungs and visceral pleura are supplied with autonomic innervation from sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves, via pulmonary plexi;
Parasympathetic stimulation constricts bronchioles
Sympathetic dilates bronchioles
79
Lymphatics - lung tissue and visceral pleura
Lymph from the lungs drains to bronchopulmonary nodes at the hilum, to tracheobronchial nodes in the mediastinum, then drains up to nodes along the tracheato the root of the neck
80
What are pleura
mesothelial membranes that line the thoracic cavity and enclose the pleural space
Contain thin film of pleural fluid
81
Visceral pleura
adherent to the surface of lung (innervated by autonomic nerves)
82
Parietal plerua
has costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal parts (somatic innervation by intercostal andphrenic nerves
