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SOL Review - Luckett > Ancient Civilizations > Flashcards

Ancient Civilizations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of the time prior to the creation of written language?

A

Prehistoric times

This period is also known as the Stone Age.

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2
Q

What is another name for the Stone Age?

A

Prehistoric times

The term highlights the use of the first stone tools.

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3
Q

Who studies the remains of past people and cultures?

A

Archaeologists

They analyze artifacts to understand historical societies.

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4
Q

What method do archaeologists use to determine the age of an object?

A

Carbon dating

This technique measures the decay of carbon-14 in organic materials.

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5
Q

What do anthropologists study?

A

Customs and characteristics of people within societies

This includes cultural practices, social structures, and behaviors.

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6
Q

What is the scientific name for modern humans?

A

Homo Sapiens

Also referred to as ‘thinking man.’

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7
Q

When did Homo Sapiens first appear?

A

100,000-400,000 years ago

First appeared in Africa.

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8
Q

From where did Neanderthal man migrate?

A

Africa

Migrated to Europe, Australia, and the Americas.

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9
Q

What type of social structure did prehistoric people live in?

A

Clans

They hunted and gathered their food.

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10
Q

What lifestyle did hunter-gatherers lead?

A

Nomadic

Moved around following their food sources.

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11
Q

What were the survival factors for hunter-gatherers?

A

Environment and availability of wild plants and animals

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12
Q

What simple innovations did hunter-gatherers create?

A

Tools and weapons

Invented to assist in hunting and gathering.

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13
Q

What essential skill did humans learn to master for survival?

A

Making and using fire

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14
Q

What form of communication did prehistoric humans develop?

A

Oral language

Also expressed through cave art.

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15
Q

What major transition did humans undergo with the Agricultural Revolution?

A

From food gathering to food producing

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16
Q

What animals did early humans begin to domesticate?

A

Cows, goats, pigs

Key components of early agriculture.

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17
Q

What was a significant outcome of agriculture and animal domestication?

A

Permanent settlements

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18
Q

What advancements were made due to the development of agriculture?

A

Advanced tools, pottery, weaving skills

These innovations emerged alongside permanent settlements.

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19
Q

True or False: The development of agriculture led to a nomadic lifestyle.

A

False

It marked the end of nomadic life.

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20
Q

What is Stonehenge?

A

An archaeological site in England started in the Neolithic Age and completed in the Bronze Age.

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21
Q

Which early cities developed in the Fertile Crescent?

A

Aleppo and Jericho.

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22
Q

What is Catalhoyuk?

A

A Neolithic settlement currently being excavated by archaeologists in Anatolia (Turkey).

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23
Q

During which age did settlements appear in/around the Fertile Crescent?

A

New Stone Age.

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24
Q

What resources did rivers in the Fertile Crescent provide?

A
  • Water
  • Rich soil
  • Protection from invasion.
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25
What are the main civilizations to know that developed between 3500 and 500 BCE?
* Mesopotamia – along Tigris and Euphrates rivers * Egypt – along Nile River * Indian – along Indus and Ganges rivers * Chinese – along Huang He and Yantze rivers.
26
Where did the Hebrews settle?
Near Jordan River and Mediterranean Sea.
27
Where did the Phoenicians settle?
Near Mediterranean, part of Fertile Crescent.
28
Where is Nubia located?
Southern part of the Nile River in Africa.
29
Where did most civilizations develop?
In or near the Fertile Crescent.
30
What is the Fertile Crescent?
Area in/around Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and Mediterranean Sea.
31
What term is used to describe the civilizations that developed in the Fertile Crescent?
Cradles of Civilization.
32
What type of rulers were hereditary such as kings or pharaohs?
Hereditary rulers ## Footnote These rulers inherit their position, often through family lineage.
33
What characterized the class systems in early civilizations?
Rigid class systems that used slavery ## Footnote These class systems often limited social mobility and reinforced hierarchies.
34
What were the first political structures that developed in early civilizations?
First City states developed, later kingdoms and empires ## Footnote City states were independent, self-governing entities.
35
What type of government was centralized in early civilizations?
Centralized government based on religion ## Footnote This often involved leaders who were also religious figures.
36
What are examples of written law codes in early civilizations?
10 Commandments and Hammurabi’s Code ## Footnote These law codes established rules for moral and legal conduct.
37
What was the predominant religious belief system in most early civilizations?
Polytheism (belief in many gods) ## Footnote This belief system involved worship of multiple deities.
38
Which group practiced monotheism in early civilizations?
Hebrews ## Footnote Monotheism is the belief in a single, all-powerful god.
39
What significant figure is known as the father of the Hebrews?
Abraham ## Footnote Abraham's covenant with God is foundational to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
40
Who served as the prophet that brought God’s message and found the 10 Commandments?
Moses ## Footnote Moses is a central figure in Judaism and is also recognized in Christianity and Islam.
41
What is the Jewish holy book that also contains religious laws?
Torah ## Footnote The Torah includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible.
42
What city is considered the most sacred site for Judaism?
Jerusalem ## Footnote Jerusalem holds profound religious significance for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
43
What were important cultural innovations in early civilizations?
Language and writing ## Footnote These innovations greatly enhanced communication and record-keeping.
44
What are the earliest forms of writing mentioned?
Pictograms, Hieroglyphics, Cuneiform, Alphabet ## Footnote Each form represents a significant advancement in written communication.
45
What is the Egyptian language writing system called?
Hieroglyphics ## Footnote Hieroglyphics used symbols and images to convey sounds and ideas.
46
Which writing system was developed in Sumer (Mesopotamia)?
Cuneiform ## Footnote Cuneiform involved wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets.
47
Who developed the alphabet that influenced many modern writing systems?
Phoenicians ## Footnote The Phoenician alphabet is considered one of the first alphabets in history.
48
What civilization did the Persian Empire develop on?
Previous Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations
49
What was the significance of the Persian Empire in terms of land?
Created the largest land empire in the world at this time
50
How did the Persian Empire treat conquered peoples?
Had tolerance for conquered people
51
What type of governance system did the Persian Empire develop?
Strong imperial bureaucracy
52
What advanced infrastructure did the Persian Empire construct?
Advanced road system
53
What religion was developed by the Persians?
Zoroastrianism
54
What was the main belief of Zoroastrianism?
Two opposing forces in the universe were constantly in conflict with each other
55
Where did the Indus Civilization begin?
Near the Indus River in India
56
What geographic features protected the Indus Civilization?
Indian Ocean, Himalayas, and Hindu Kush mountains
57
What were the first city-states to develop in the Indus Civilization?
Harappa & Mohenjo-daro
58
Who came after the collapse of the Indus Civilization?
Indo-Aryans
59
What social structure did the Aryans bring with them?
Caste system
60
What did the caste system determine?
Social class, occupations, marriage, etc.
61
What was the first unified political empire in India after the Indus Civilization?
Mauryan Empire
62
What were the main contributions of the Mauryan Empire?
* Spreading Buddhism * Creating free hospitals * Vet clinics * Advanced roads
63
What empire succeeded the Mauryan Empire?
Gupta Empire
64
What is the Gupta Empire known as?
The Golden Age of India
65
What type of developments occurred during the Gupta Empire?
Huge cultural and scientific developments
66
What concept was developed during the Gupta Empire?
Concept of zero
67
What medical advance was made during the Gupta Empire?
Setting bones
68
What astronomical belief was held during the Gupta Empire?
Belief of a round earth
69
What new cultural contributions emerged during the Gupta Empire?
* New textiles * Literature
70
What major religion developed in Classical India?
Hinduism
71
What are the main beliefs of Hinduism?
* Many forms of one God * Reincarnation * Karma * Vedas and Upanishads as sacred writings
72
How did Hinduism spread?
Along major trading routes
73
Who developed Buddhism?
Siddhartha Gautama ## Footnote Siddhartha Gautama is also known as the Buddha.
74
What are the guidelines followed by Buddhists?
Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path ## Footnote These principles outline the core teachings of Buddhism.
75
How did Buddhism spread?
Through missionaries sent by King Asoka ## Footnote Asoka was a significant figure in the spread of Buddhism beyond India.
76
What river was central to classical Chinese civilization?
Huang He (Yellow) River ## Footnote The Huang He River is one of the most important rivers in China.
77
What was built to protect China from migratory invaders?
Great Wall ## Footnote The Great Wall was initiated by Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi.
78
When did civilization in China begin?
Around 1500 BCE ## Footnote This marks the early development of Chinese civilization.
79
What system of leadership was used in ancient China?
Dynasty chosen by the Mandate of Heaven ## Footnote The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept.
80
What was the main trading route in the area?
Silk Road ## Footnote The Silk Road facilitated trade between East and West.
81
What system allowed people to work into a government position in China?
Civil Service system ## Footnote This system was an important aspect of governance in ancient China.
82
Name three luxury items produced by ancient China.
* Paper * Porcelain * Silk ## Footnote These items were highly valued and traded along the Silk Road.
83
What main religion developed in China that believes all humans are good?
Confucianism ## Footnote Confucianism emphasizes moral integrity and social harmony.
84
What are the key beliefs of Confucianism?
* Respecting elders * Code of politeness * Education * Ancestor worship ## Footnote These principles guide social interactions and values in Confucianism.
85
What is another main religion that became prominent in China?
Taoism ## Footnote Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, or the way of nature.
86
What are the main beliefs of Taoism?
* Humility * Simple life * Inner peace * Harmony with nature ## Footnote Taoism encourages a balanced and peaceful existence.
87
What symbol is used in Taoism to represent opposites?
Yin and Yang ## Footnote The yin and yang symbolize dualism in nature.

SOL Review - Luckett (9 decks)

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