Flashcards in Anderson Review Qns Deck (55)
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31
The proatlas anlage contributes to the formation of which structures?
fuses with 3 upper occipital sclerotomes to form the OCCIPITAL BONE
32
What factor is antagonistic to BMP and, when down regulated, allows sutures to fuse?
Noggin
33
what structure is/are derived from the trophoblast?
placenta and chorion
-forms outer layer of blastocyst
34
List/describe factors/conditions that facilitate the exchange of oxygen between the fetal and maternal blood.
Bohr effect--- fetal blood can carry greater quantity of Oxygen than maternal blood for given blood P02--> delivers increased O2 to the tissues
Double Bohr effect---double shift in maternal blood and fetal blood
fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal
fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2
35
What factor is in the permanent cartilage pathway that causes chondroblasts to secrete collagen II and cartilage matrix and is continually expressed in permanent cartilage?
sox 9
36
What is/are the effects of HCG on the corpus luteum?
-prevents involution of corpus luteum (CL)
-causes CL to increase secretion of progesterone and estrogens
-causes increased growth in CL
37
What cells can be considered immigrant with regard to the development of integument?
1. melanoblasts--from neural crest
2. Langerhan's cells--from bone marrow
3. Merkel cells--from neural crest
38
Describe the characteristics of satellite cells in reference to muscle tissue differentiation
-able to fuse with muscle fiber and provide growth
-cannot form new muscle fibers
-fxn as stem cells
-give rise to myogenic precursor cells---replace damaged muscle by proliferating, fusing, and differentiating into skeletal muscle fibers
39
What signaling molecules are expressed by the isthmic organizer?
mostly FGF-8, Wnt-1, En-1, En-2
40
What germ layers make up each of the extraembryonic membranes?
amnion--inner cell mass: epiblast derivative
yolk sac-inner cell mass: hypoblast derivative
allantois-inner cell mass; interfaces with placenta via umbilical cord
chorion--part of fetal maternal interface
41
What germ layer is absent from the oropharyngeal membrane?
-lack of mesoderm-->result in perforation of these plates
42
List the characteristics of the early placenta and relate to the late placenta
Early--thick, low permeability, small SA, total diffusion conductance is minuscule
Late--thin, high permeability, large SA, large increase in placental diffusion
43
Name the factors that is/are involved in the formation of rhombomeres 3 and 5
Krox-20
44
Describe the 3 circulatory arcs and their components in the 4-week embryo
vitelline arc-vitelline vessels
allantoic arc---allantoic (umbilical) vessels
embryonic arc--dorsal aorta, aortic arches, anterior cardinal vein, common cardinal vein, posterior cardinal vein, atrium, ventricle, ventral aorta
45
What transcription factor suppresses the formation of anterior gut structures and promotes hindgut development?
Cdx-2
46
At what time during pregnancy does maximum secretion of HCG occur?
10th-12th week of pregnancy
47
What role does p63 play in the formation of the intermediate layer of the epidermis and what is its relation to miR-203?
p63 initiates 3-layered epidermis-forms )basal germinative layer) and superficial peridermal layer
miR-203---inactivates p63 which allows intermediate layer to form
48
What is fillagrin and what is it specifically associated with?
Fillagrin---> filament associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells
--it interconnects the stratum granulosum of intermediate layer of the epidermis
49
Compare permissive and instructive induction and give examples.
permissive induction---responding tissue has all the potentials that are to be expressed, and need only an environment that allows the expression of the traits
ex. fibronectin/laminin does not alter the type of cell that is to be produced, but only enables what has been determined to be expressed
instructive induction----> signal from inducing cell necessary for initiating new gene expression in the responding cell- need for differentiating
ex. optic vesicle places under region of ectoderm causing region of ectoderm to from a lens
50
Which intramembranous bone in the body is the first to become ossified?
the clavicle
51
Prechordal (hypophyseal) cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embryonic skull?
basisphenoid bone
52
List characteristicss of early cardiac muscle cells
-does not express Myo D
-contract early
-maintains their ability to divide partially disassembling their contractile apparatus prior to cell division
53
Parachordal cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embryonic skull?
basioccipital portion of chondrocranium
54
What skull structures are derived from the membranous portion of the viscerocranium?
-part of the temporal -palatine
-zygomatic -vomer
-maxillary -pterygoid plates, mandible
- nasal - lacrimal
-tympanic ring
55
