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HEMA FINALS > anemia > Flashcards

anemia Flashcards

1
Q

a condition in which number
of RBC or Hgb concentration is lower than the normal.
 is a manifestation of a certain disease associated with a
decrease in the red blood cell, decrease in hematocrit and
a decrease in hemoglobin.

A

Anemia

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2
Q

decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

A

functional

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3
Q

reduction from the baseline value for the total
number of RBCs, amount of circulating hemoglobin,
and RBC mass for a particular patient.

A

operational

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4
Q

decrease in RBCs, Hb and Hct below the previously
established reference values for healthy individuals of
the same age, gender, and race and under similar
environmental conditions.

A

conventional

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5
Q

Clinical Findings of Anemia

A
  • history
  • physical examination
  • signs and symptoms
  • laboratory procedures
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6
Q

History of Patient

A

Diet
Bleeding history
Drug ingestion
Occupation
Exposure to chemicals
Travel
Previous medication
Ethnic group
Family history of disease
Hobbies
Neurologic symptoms

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7
Q

Physical Examination

A
  • skin
  • eyes
  • mouth
  • Sternal tenderness
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Cardiac murmurs
  • splenomegaly
  • hepatomegaly
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8
Q

General causes of Anemia

A
  1. Decreased red blood cell production
  2. Increased red blood cell destruction
  3. Blood loss
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9
Q

Anemia due to decreased production of RBC

A
  • Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • Anemia due to Chronic Inflammation
  • Sideroblastic Anemia
  • Megaloblastic Anemia
  • Aplastic Anemia
  • Thalassemia
  • Anemia due to Chronic Renal Failure
  • Anemia due to Endocrine Disorder
  • Anemia due to Marrow Infiltration
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10
Q

Anemia due to increased destruction of RBC

A
  • Intracorpuscular Abnormality (Intrinsic)
  • Extracorpuscular Abnormality (Extrinsic)
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11
Q

Intracorpuscular Abnormality

A
  • Membrane Defect
  • Enzyme deficiency
  • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
  • Globin abnormality
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12
Q

Extracorpuscular Abnormality

A
  • Mechanical
  • Infection
  • Chemical and Physical Agents
  • Antibody-mediated Anemia (AMA)
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13
Q

Anemia due to blood loss

A
  1. Acute post hemorrhagic anemia
  2. Chronic post hemorrhagic anemia
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14
Q

Laboratory test for Anemia assessment

A
  • complete blood count
  • reticulocyte count
  • Peripheral smear
  • bone marrow examination
  • Iron studies
  • Blood Chemistry
  • Urinalysis
  • Fecalysis
  • Hematological special test procedures
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15
Q

Morphological Classification of Anemia

A
  • Microcytic hypochromic anemia (found in SIGA)
  • Macrocytic normochromic anemia
  • Normocytic normochromic anemia
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16
Q

Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Inadequate intake of iron
Increased need of iron
Chronic blood loss

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17
Q

Stage I of iron deficiency

A

Iron Depletion

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18
Q

Iron depletion

A

Hemoglobin - normal
Serum Iron - normal
Total Iron Binding Capacity - normal
Ferritin - low

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19
Q

Stage II of Iron deficiency

A

Exhaustion of the storage pool of iron

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20
Q

Stage III of Iron deficiency

A

– Frank Anemia

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21
Q

Exhaustion of the storage pool of iron

A

Hemoglobin - normal
Serum Iron - decreased
Total Iron Binding Capacity - increased
Ferritin - decreased

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22
Q

Frank Anemia

A

Hemoglobin - decreased
Serum Iron - decreased
Total Iron Binding Capacity - increased
Ferritin - decreased

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23
Q

Blood Features of IDA

A

decreased normal retic
decreased serum iron
decreased serum ferritin
increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
decreased in osmotic fragility test
Microcytic hypochromic type of Anemia
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis

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24
Q

Treatment for IDA

A

Ferry sulfate supplement with vitamins C

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25
Q

CATEGORIES OF LAB DIAGNOSIS FOR ANEMIA

A
  • screening
  • diagnostic
  • specialize
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26
Q

Screening for anemia

A
  • cbc
  • rbc indices
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27
Q

Diagnostic for anemia

A
  • Iron studies
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28
Q

Specialize for anemia

A

Hb electrophoresis

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29
Q

SEVERE TYPE OF IRON DEFICIENCY

A
  • Smooth tongue
  • koilonychia
  • PICA
30
Q

Iron deficiency can result in a painless, smooth, shiny, and reddened tongue

A

Smooth tongue

31
Q

a condition also referred to as
“spoon-shaped nails,” is associated with iron deficiency in which the fingernails are thin, brittle, and concave with raised edges

A

koilonychia

32
Q

Condition where there’s a craving for uncertain food.
Ex: dirt, clay, chalk

Craving for non-edible food

A

PICA

33
Q

develop when the incorporation of iron into heme is blocked

A

SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA

34
Q

2 types of SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA

A
  • Hereditary Sideroblastic Anemia
  • Primary Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia
35
Q

due to a congenital enzyme defect delta amino-levulinic acid
synthetase or heme synthetase

A

Hereditary Sideroblastic Anemia

36
Q

due to somatic mutation of the erythroid progenitor cells that
cause either defects in heme synthesis or defects in DNA
synthesis

A

Primary Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia

37
Q

Lead interferes with iron storage in the mitochondria

Lead damages the activity of enzymes used for heme
synthesis

A

Lead poisoning

38
Q

second most common type of anemia

A

ANEMIA DUE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

39
Q

inherited disorders caused by genetic alterations that reduce
or preclude the synthesis of the globin chains of hemoglobin
tetramer

A

THALASSEMIA

40
Q

 predominant in Mediterranean, African and Asian ancestry.

A

THALASSEMIA

41
Q

Who first described THALASSEMIA?

A

COOLEY and LEE in 1925

42
Q

Types of Thalassemia

A
  1. Beta (β) Thalassemia
  2. Alpha (α) Thalassemia
  3. Hereditary Persistence of Hb F (HPHF)
  4. Hemoglobin Lepore
  5. Hemoglobinopathy + Thalassemia
43
Q

which chromosome beta chain is found?

A

chromosome 11

44
Q

other name for alpha Thalassemia
minor

A

Heterozygous thalassemia
Cooley’s trait
Rietti-Greppi Micheli disease

45
Q

hemoglobin range for thalassemia minor

A

10-13 mg/dL

46
Q

other name for Intermediate B-thalassemia

A

Thalassemia
Intermedia

47
Q

results when one of
the 2 genes that
produce beta globin
is defective

A

Thalassemia minor

48
Q

more severe
anemia than minor
B-thalassemia but
do not require
regular transfusion

A

Intermediate B-thalassemia

49
Q

Other name for beta Thalassemia
major

A

Homozygous thalassemia

Cooley’s anemia

Mediterranean anemia
Target cell anemia

50
Q

decrease or
complete lack of
beta globin
production

A

Thalassemia
major

51
Q

which chromosome alpha chain is found?

A

chromosome 16

52
Q

deletion of one α globin
gene, leaving 3 functional α
globin genes

A

Silent Carrier

53
Q

deletion of two α globin
gene

A

α Thalassemia Trait
homozygous

54
Q

caused by the presence of
only one gene producing α
chains.

A

Hemoglobin H Disease

55
Q

results in the absence of all
α chains synthesis

A

Hydrops Fetalis

56
Q

thalassemia with increased levels of fetal hemoglobin

A

Hereditary Persistence of Hb F (HPHF)

57
Q

a rare class of thalassemia caused by crossing over of beta
and delta genes

A

Hemoglobin Lepore

58
Q

is a double heterozygous abnormality

A

Hemoglobin S- Thalassemia

59
Q

co-inherited of Hemoglobin E and β thalassemia that results
to a marked reduction of β chain production.

A

Hemoglobin E-Thalassemia

60
Q

LABORATORY FINDINGS OF THALASSEMIA

A
  • CBC
  • Peripheral smear
  • . increased reticulocyte count
  • . bone marrow examination
  • . decreased OFT
  • supravital stain
  • electrophoresis
  • Mass spectrophotometry
  • DNA analysis (sophisticated test)
  • . increased indirect bilirubin
61
Q

disorder in the DNA synthesis of RBC

the maturation of nucleus is delayed relative to that of
cytoplasm

A

Megaloblastic anemia

62
Q

Causes of Megaloblastic Anemia

A
  • dietary deficiency
  • increased need during pregnancy and lactation
  • impaired absorption in the intestine
  • impaired use due to drugs
  • excessive loss during renal dialysis
63
Q

Laboratory Findings of Megaloblastic Anemia

A
  • cbc
  • peripheral smear
  • Decreased in absolute reticulocyte count
  • . Chemistry Analysis
  • Schilling Test
  • hypersegmented neutrophil
64
Q

used to distinguish malabsorption of vitamin B12 from
other causes of malabsorption

A

Schilling Test

65
Q

anemia caused by conditions such as
a. alcoholism
b. chronic liver disease

A

Non-megaloblastic anemia

66
Q

characterized by premature RBC destruction caused by
autoantibodies that bind the RBC surface.

A

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

67
Q
  • responsible for approximately 70% of Immune hemolytic cases
  • mediated by antibody with maximum binding affinity at 37°C
A

Warm-Reactive Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

68
Q

mediated by antibody with maximum binding
affinity at 4°C or below 32°C

A

Cold-Reactive Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

69
Q

a rare acute form of cold-generated hemolysis
- hemolysis occurs when blood is warmed after
previous exposure to chilling

A

Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH)

70
Q

self-limiting, but severe even fatal following the administration of
drug that can cause immune hemolytic anemia

A

Drug-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia

71
Q

usually occurs in newborns following the transplacental passage
of maternal anti-fetal red cells antibody.

A

Alloimune Hemolytic Anemia

72
Q

2 Causes Alloimune Hemolytic Anemia

A
  1. Erythroblastosis fetalis
  2. Isoimmune HDN due to ABO incompatibility

HEMA FINALS (7 decks)

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