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anemia Flashcards

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1
Q

carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues

A

erythrocyte

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2
Q

immature erythrocyte

A

reticulocyte

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3
Q

mediator of primary hemostasis

A

platelet

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4
Q

liquid component of blood containing water, protein, coagulation factors, and immunoglobulins

A

plasma

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5
Q

equivalent to plasma minus clotting factors and fibrinogen

A

serum

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6
Q

part of reticuloendothelial system
sequesters aged RBCs
removes opsonized cells

A

spleen

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7
Q

lifespan of mature cells in blood

erythrocytes
neutrophils
plateelts
lymphocytes

A

erythrocytes (90-120d)
neutrophils (1-2d)
plateelts (7-10d)
lymphocytes (varies - memory cells persist for years)

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8
Q

function of RBC

A

transport oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body

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9
Q

a red pigment that binds to oxygen

A

haemoglobin

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10
Q

increases surface area to volume ratio for faster diffusion of oxygen

A

biconcave shape

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11
Q

allows rbc to bind to squeeze through narrow capillary

A

flexible cell membrane

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12
Q

each hemoglobin molecule is made up of _____ groups surrounding a globin group

A

four heme groups

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13
Q

_____ iron and gives a red color to the molecule

A

here containing iron

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14
Q

consists of two linked pairs of polypeptide chain

A

globin

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15
Q

__ oxygen molecule X __ hemoglobin molecules in each rbc = __ oxygen molecule in each red blood cell

A

4
300
1200

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16
Q

each rbc contains about __ million hemoglobin molecules

A

280

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17
Q

globin protein has 4subunits __ and __ each has one heme group

A

2alpha and 2beta

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18
Q

source of enegy of rbc

A

glucose 90% used in glycolysis 10% used in HMP shunt

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19
Q

size of rbc

microctic
normocytic
macrocytic

A

MCV <80um3
MCV = 80-100 um3
MCV >100um3

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20
Q

rbc with increased variability in size

A

anisocytosis

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21
Q

color

increase in size of central pallow ( normal = less than 1/3 of rbc diameter )

  • iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease sideroblastic anemia
A

hypochromatic

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22
Q

shape

increased proportion of RBC of abnormal shape
- iron deficiency anemia, myelofibrosis, severe bB12 deficiency, MDS, burns

A

poikilocytosis

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23
Q

daily iron intake of average adult

A

10-20 iron daily

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24
Q

steady state absorption of iron is

A

5-10% (0.5 - 2mg/d)

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25
males have positive iron balance whereas, upto 20% of menstruating females have negative iron balance
true
26
regulates systemic iron levels produced by hepatocytes binds to ferroportin -> degredation -> inhibiting iron export into circulation
hepcidin
27
ferric iron Fe3+ complexed to a protein called ___
apoferritin
28
aggregates of ferritin with the apoferritin partially removed macrophage-monocyte system is main source
hemosiderin
29
In CBC, if all range are low ___? It is called
pancytopenia
30
if rbc platelets are low: consider
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, trombotic microangiopathy
31
a reduction in red cell mass and o2 carrying capacity
anemia
32
low Hb due to increased effective circulating volume
dilutional anemia
33
disease classified according to cell size - result of iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, sideroblastosis, and lead poisoning
Microcytic anemia: low mean corpuscular volume MCV < 80
34
disease classified according to cell size vitamin b12 or folic acid deficiency, toxic efects of alcohol, liver disease, or chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate or medications such as zidovudine or phenytoin
macrocytic anemia: elevated MCV > 100
35
disease classified according to cell size hemolysis and aplastic anemia
normocytic anemia: normal MCV
36
classification HYPOPROLIFERATIVE IDA thalasemmia renal insufficiency inflammation, chronic disease marrow damageL aplasia, infiltration, fibrosis
MATURATION IDA (microcytic) thalassemia folic acid def (macro) vitamin B def (macro) drug toxicity and sideroblastic anemia
37
fatigue brittle hair, nail changes pica restless leg syndrome
clinical features of iron deficiency anemia
38
Most common cause of anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
39
Hematopoiesis sites in adults
Bone marrow, pelvis, sternum, vertebrae, cranium
40
Hematopoiesis sites in fetus
Yolk/sac -> liver/spleen -> bone marrow
41
Month of hematopoiesis span in fetus
0-2months yolk sac 1-8 months liver/spleen Birthin bone marrow
42
Formula of HbA
α2β2
43
Formula of HbA2
α2δ2
44
Formula of HbF
α2γ2
45
HbF has _____ to oxygen than HbA
Has more affinity
46
Color: in reased reticulocytes (pinkish blue cells) Increased RBC production by bone marrow
Polychromasia
47
Main storage site of ferritin
Hepatocytes
48
The number of RBCs per volume of blood
Red blood cell count
49
Amount of oxygen carrying protein in the blood
Hemoglobin
50
Measurement of rbc size
Mean corpuscular volume MCV
51
Amount of oxygen carrying Hb inside RBC
Mean corpuscular Hb
52
Average concentration of Hb inside RBC
Concentration MCHC
53
Immature rbc that contain no nucleus but have residual RNA
Reticulocytes
54
Hematocrit % if patient has anemia
27-29%
55
Normal % of hematocrit and hemoglobin in men and women
Hematocrit M - | <41% W - <36% Hemoglobin M <13.5 gm/dl W- <12gm/dl
56
Clinical features of iron defifiency anemia
Fatigue Brittle hair, nail changes Pica Restless leg syndrome
57
Kinds of diagnostic investigation of iron deficiency anemia
Iron indices Low ferritin <18 ug/L Peripheral blood film Bone marrow (gold standard)
58
ABCD of normocytic anemia
Acute bone loss Bone marrow failure Chronic disease Destruction (hemolysis)
59
Destruction of hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow leading to pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow
Aplastic anemia
60
Clinical features Can present acutely or insidiously Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or infection +/- splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy
Aplasic anemia
61
ABCDEF of macrocytic anemia
Alcoholism (liver D) B12 deficiency Compensatory reticulocytosis Drugs/dysplasia Endocrime (hypothyroidism) Folate deficiency/fetus (pregnancy)
62
Binds to intrinsic factor secreted by gastric parietal cell
B2s
63
Where are b12 absorbed
Terminal ileum
64
Name of b12
Cobalmin
65
Auto antibodies produced against gastric parietal cells leading to achlorhydria and lack of IF secretion leads to decrease absorption of B12
Pernicious anemia
66
Ntreatment for vit b12 deficiency
Vit b12 1000 ug IM 1-1200 ug PO
67
Uncommon in developed countries due to extensive dietary supplementation Depletion is 3-6months Found in green, leafy veg and fortified cereal
Folate deficiency
68
Rbc destruction Jaundice, pallow, splenomegaly Increased MCV, MCH, reticulocytes, LDH
Hemolytic anemias

POM MIDTERMS (6 decks)

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