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Anemia Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F: Cold blooded horses have higher PCVs than warm blooded ones

A

False

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2
Q

Anemic CS depend on what 2 factors?

A

Rate and severity

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3
Q

CS for acute anemia

A 
Poor performance - obv ex intolerance
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Pale MM
Can be more severe
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4
Q

CS for chronic anemia

A

Less severe since they have time to acclimate

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5
Q

T/F in order to figure out if horse in regenerating, we can just look @ peripheral blood smear

A

False - horse’s don’t have reticulocytes

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6
Q

How can we tell horse regeneration?

A

High RDW+anemia = regenerating

normal RDW = 19

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7
Q

What is the difference between rouleaux and IMHA? How do we sort them out?

A

Rouleaux is normal equine RBC pattern
IMHA is clumping of RBC

Drop 1:4 saline, rouleaux will come apart

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8
Q

What is the GOLD STANDARD was of evaluating anemia responses in horses?

A

Bone marrow aspirates

indicated by M:E <0.5

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9
Q

Where can we take bone marrow aspirates?

A

Sternum and ribs are best places

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10
Q

What are thee mechanisms for anemia?

A
  1. Decreased production
  2. Destruction
  3. Blood loss
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11
Q

What 3 things can cause decreased red cell production?

A
  1. Deficiencies in RBC essentials
  2. Chronic disease
  3. Bone marrow damage
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12
Q

T/F: Dietary deficiencies in iron are extremely rare in horses

A

True!

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13
Q

What is the difference between TRUE/FUNCTIONAL iron deficiency anemia?

A

True = chronic blood loss(parasites, bleeding GI)/diet

Functional = anemia of inflammatory dz where iron is sequestered

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14
Q

What is true iron deficiency defined by?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

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15
Q

What is the PCV of functional iron deficiency horses like?

A

Usually never less than PCV 18-19%

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of anemia in horses?

A

Inflammatory dz

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17
Q

Please indicate the TIBC/serum ferritin/serum iron/marrow iron differences between anemia of chronic dz and iron deficiency:

A 
Anemia chronic dz:
TIBC - decreased 
Serum Ferritin - increased 
Serum iron - decreased 
Marrow iron - increased 
Iron deficiency 
TIBC - increased 
Serum ferritin - decreased
Serum iron - decreased 
Marrow iron - decreased
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18
Q

What is the treatment for TRUE iron def?

A

Supplement it with iron cacodylate - parenterally

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19
Q

What is the treatment for anemia of chronic dz?

A

Treat underlying cause

NO fe supplementation

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20
Q

T/F: we supplement iron in anemia 2ry to organ dysfunction:

A

False - just treat the underlying cause

*it occurs independent from iron alterations in inflammatory dz

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21
Q

What happens with commercial EPO use?

A

Development of ab = life-threatening anemia

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22
Q

What 2 major things cause red cell destruction?

Study These Flashcards
A

Piroplasmosis and EIA

23
Q

What are the two causative agents of Piroplasmosis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Babesia caballi: lg, extravascular
  2. Theleria equi: small, intravascular, more severe dz, Maltese cross

Both come from tick vectors

24
Q

T/F: T. Equi can spontaneously clear

Study These Flashcards
A

False.

B. Caballi can spontaneously clear b/c less severe dz
T. Equi is more severe dz

25
T/F: CS are worse in young/old animals in endemic areas
True.
26
Which agent has intravascular hemolysis?
T. Equi **B. Caballi extravasc**
27
T/F: Hemoglobinuria is common B. Caballi.
False! B. Caballi is extravascular!
28
What are some piroplasmosis diagnostic options?
- direct visualization of babesia - serology = ab detectable within 14 days on infection - CS - necropsy :(
29
How does Piroplasmosis tx differ in endemic vs non-endemic regions?
Endemic = tx symptomatically to alleviate signs Non-endemic = completely eradicate
30
What can we use in non-endemic areas to eliminate?
Imidocarb - needs FDA approval
31
What are some side-effects to Imidocarb?
Causes cholinesterase inhibition *pre-tx with atropine*
32
Do we remove carrier state in non-endemic areas?
YES **do not remove carrier state in endemic areas**
33
What is another name for EIA?
Swamp fever *not to be confused with swamp cancer = pithiosis*
34
T/F: EIA is reportable
TRUE
35
T/F: EIA is lentivirus or rhabdovirus family
False. Lentivirus of RETROvirus family
36
T/F: EIA infects RBCs
False! EIA infects macrophages and RBCs are indirectly destroyed
37
How is EIA transmitted?
Biting Arthropods like deer/horse fly who’s feeding is interrupted *sometimes can be transmitted via mosquitoes if there are a ton* (May also be iatrogenic or via semen/milk but that is rare)
38
Ab-Ag complexes in EIA induce what 3 things?
Hemolysis Vasculitis Glomerulitis
39
What are the 3 CS types:
Acute = no anemia; thrombocytopenia; death 1st few days Subacute/chronic intermittent = classic; fever/depression/anemia/icterus Chronic inapparent = “poor doers”, few CS
40
How can we diagnose EIA? Which is gold standard?
1. Coggins test = GOLD STANDARD (can take 45 days) | 2. ELISA = detected earlier than 45 days BUT can have false positives
41
What is the treatment for EIA?
No specific tx. Isolate for life, euthanize, or send out to research facility
42
What are the EIA isolation protocols?
- Double screening as insect control - keep 200 yards from closest horse with double fencing - disinfect everything used on these horses
43
Causes of blood loss in equines?
Lots of things: ``` Resp - ethmoid hematoma, etc. GI - ulcers, parasites, etc. coagulopathies Iatrogenic Etc... ```
44
T/F: CS for blood loss are due to hypovolemia, diminished O2 carrying capacity, or both
True! *but it’s mostly hypovolemia since O2 carrying capacity is not usually diminished enough to compromise horse @ rest*
45
What does the blood volume have to recuse by in order to see shock?
Shock occurs when blood vol. is reduced by 30%
46
What are some compensatory mechanisms for blood loss?
HR Vasoconstriction ADH release Plasma vol. increase = absorption of fluid from 3rd space, increase glucose
47
In acute hemorrhage, how long does it take to see PCV/TP changes?
TP can decrease within 4-6h | PCV can decrease around 12-24h - b/c of splenocontraction
48
When does PCV “bottom out”? What does this mean?
Bottoming out = when PCV reaches true lowest level after hemorrhage Happens after 48h
49
T/F: It takes about 3-4 days after hemorrhage for bone marrow to respond and increase PCV
True!
50
How long does it take for PCV to go back to normal values?
4-6 weeks!
51
How do you treat blood loss?
- treat cause/stop the bleeding - minimize stress - replace depending on what happened (may need fluids, blood, O2)
52
What are some fluid replacement guidelines?
Crystalloids Replace 4x volume lost Hypertonic saline
53
What are the guidelines fro blood transfusion in acute vs chronic anemia?
Transfuse if: Acute and PCV under 12% Chronic and PCV under 10%

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