ANFF topic 2 part 1

Question 1

What must the animal diet be able to provide?

Answer 1

- Source of materials needed for building DNA
Complex molecules required for:
- Growth
- Maintenance
- Reproduction
- ATP production in cells

Question 2

What are the fundamental requirements of an animal’s diet?

Answer 2

• Well balanced
• Provide nutrients required for bodily functions
• Maintain structure and regulation for good health and reproductive capability

Question 3

What are the different structures of proteins?

Answer 3

• Primary protein structure
• Secondary protein structure (beta-pleated sheets; alpha-helix)
• Tertiary protein structure (3-D folding pattern)
• Quarternary protein structure (> 1 amino acid chain)

Question 4

What are the substituents of an amino acid?

Answer 4

• Central carbon
• Amide group (-NH2)
• Carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
• Hydrogen atom (H)
• R group

Question 5

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 5

• Growth –> growth mostly comes fro muscles
• Tissue repair
• Tissue synthesis
• Source of energy (if carbohydrate is inhibited)
• Formation of hormones, enzymes, antibodies

Question 6

What is the use of protein catabolism?

Answer 6

• Source of organic nitrogen
• Amino acids –> cellular function
• Carbon & nitrogen –> nucleotides, nucleic acids, proteins, cells and tissues
• Excess nitrogen must be excreted as it is toxic

Question 7

What are some features in a fatty acid structure?

Answer 7

Long hydrocarbon chain
- 12-24 carbons is common (chain length)
- typically linear & usually even number of carbons
Carboxylic acid group

Question 8

How do fatty acids differ from one another?

Answer 8

• depending on chain length & degree of saturation
• saturated fatty acids –> zero double bonds
• Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) –> 1 double bond
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) –> 2 or more double bonds
• Double bond is usually cis (common natural config.)

Question 9

What is the source of energy of 1g of lipid?

Answer 9

1g = 9 calories

Question 10

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 10

• Source of energy
• Formation of cellular and sub-cellular membranes (phospholipid membranes)
  - -> omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid
  - -> omega-6 linoleic acid
• Aid the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
• Production of fat-soluble hormones

Question 11

What are the substituents of carbohydrates?

Answer 11

• carbon
• oxygen
• hydrogen
• basic formula of (CH2O)n

Question 12

What are some important carbohydrates?

Answer 12

• simple sugars (glucose, fructose)
• complex sugars (maltose, sucrose)
• dextrins
• starches

Question 13

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 13

• according to the number of carbon atoms (e.g. trioses –> 3C)

Question 14

What are oligosaccharides?

Answer 14

• made up of 2-10 monomer units (e.g. sucrose)

Question 15

What are some functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 15

• source of energy
• regulate blood glucose
• energy storage
• assist in lipid metabolism
• structural components (build & maintain)

Question 16

What happens when there is excess sugar?

Answer 16

• Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles

Question 17

What are some functions of glycogen stores?

Answer 17

• fuel prolonged exertions

- provide energy during food shortage

Question 18

What happens when there is excess glycogen?

Answer 18

• stored as fats (stored in the lower layer of the skin –> insulation & energy storage)

Question 19

What is the role of vitamin A?

Answer 19

• important for growth and development –> vision, skin, teeth, bones
• strengthens immune system

Question 20

What is the role of vitamin B1?

Answer 20

• metabolism of energy

- nerve functioning

Question 21

What is the role of vitamin B2?

Answer 21

• cellular respiration
• processing of carbohydrates
• RBC production

Question 22

What is the role of vitamin B9?

Answer 22

• e.g. folic acid
• treats anaemia
• used in pregnancy to treat neural tube defects
• brain function & mental health
• Aids production of DNA & RNA

Question 23

What is the role of vitamin B12?

Answer 23

• functioning of brain & nervous system

- formation of RBCs

Question 24

What is the role of vitamin C?

Answer 24

• prevents scurvy (more for humans)
• immune system
• helps produce collagen
• helps wound healing

Question 25

What is the role of vitamin D?

Answer 25

- absorption of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and zinc

Question 26

What is the role of vitamin E?

Answer 26

- maintains cell membranes - is an antioxidant - helps make RBCs

Question 27

What is the role of Vitamin K?

Answer 27

- supports blood clotting | - plays a key role in bone health

Question 28

List the fat-soluble vitamins.

Answer 28

- Vitamin A - Vitamin D - Vitamin E - Vitamin K

Question 29

List the water-soluble vitamins.

Answer 29

- Vitamin B1 - Vitamin B2 - Vitamin B9 - Vitamin B12 - Vitamin C

Question 30

List the macrominerals.

Answer 30

- Calcium - Chloride - Magnesium - Phosphorous - Potassium - Sodium

Question 31

List the microminerals.

Answer 31

- Copper - Cobalt - Chromium - Iodine - Manganese - Molybdenum - Selenium - Zinc - Iron

Question 32

What is calcium required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 32

- most abundant in the body - for strong bones and blood clotting - Dairy, leafy greens, seeds, tofu

Question 33

What is magnesium required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 33

- helps maintain normal nerve and muscle function - help maintain healthy immune system - nuts, spinach, fish, avocado, whole grains

Question 34

What is phosphorus required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 34

- used in all cell functions | - fish, poultry, eggs, leafy greens, oats, legumes

Question 35

What is potassium required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 35

- regulates major biological processes - muscle contraction - regulates heartbeat - most fruits and veg, nuts, seeds, fish

Question 36

What is sodium required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 36

- maintains water balance - produces digestive juices - table salt, fish, nuts, seeds

Question 37

What is chloride required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 37

- acts as an electrolyte - aids digestion - regulates blood pH - table salt, olives, tomato, celery, seaweed

Question 38

What is sulfur required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 38

- helps with digestion - waste elimination - bile secretion - eggs, avocado, garlic, cabbage, poultry, fish, soy

Question 39

What is iron required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 39

- essential for red blood production (haemoglobin) | - legumes, dried fruit, whole grains, spinach, liver, tofu

Question 40

What is copper required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 40

- helps with the absorption and metabolism of iron | - nuts & seeds, shellfish, potatoes, dried fruit

Question 41

What is zinc required for and what are some good sources?

Answer 41

- supports the immune system - aids in the healing of wounds - shellfish, nuts & seeds, dairy, meat

Question 42

What are the functions of minerals?

Answer 42

- components of structural tissues - components of hormones, enzymes and vitamins - osmoregulation - transmission of nerve impulse and muscle contraction - production in membrane potentials (e.g. electrical differences)