Anglo-Irish Time Line 1840-1914 Flashcards

Question

- Kilmainham treaty

Answer 1

- 1882 - being in prison made Parnell a hero - between Gladstone and Parnell - the government agreed to release Parnell from prison, relax coercion and help those in rent arrears in exchange for Parnell’s support of the Land Courts and the ILA 1881 - Phoenix Park murders sabotaged the progress achieved by the government and Parnell - Parnell set up the National League to promote Irish home rule across all of Ireland,

Answer 2

- the new Irish Secretary and his under-secretary were brutally murdered in broad daylight in Dublin by a revolutionary splinter group of the Fenians called ‘The Invincibles’

Answer 3

-1884 - extended the vote to rural households and enabled Parnellites to dominate the rural vote - Irish Catholic church openly supported Parnell and the National League. vote IPP

Answer 4

- 1885 - Lord Salisbury - Parnell publically sought IHR - Conservatives indicate support for Irish self-rule so IPP switch support from Liberals in the Commons go to the Conservatives - resignation of Gladstone 2nd ministry - in the general election of November Parnell called on Irish voters in England, Scotland and Wales to vote Conservative and demanded IHR. - relaxes coercion in Ireland

Answer 5

- 1885 - Salisbury passes the first effective land purchase scheme for Ireland - providing 100% state loans to tenants at low interest rates.

Answer 6

- 1885 - Hawarden kite leaks showing Gladstones support for IHR

Answer 7

- in the election of 1885 the IPP had won every seat in Ireland south of eastern Ulster - ’86 IPP MPs in 86’ - held the balance of power in the Commons (Libs: 335 MPs; Cons: 249 MPs, a difference of 86 MPs) - IPP hold balance of power - The Liberals were destroyed in Ireland - By the end of January 1886 it was apparent that Salisbury had no intention of introducing an IHR bill and his government was defeated by an IPP resolution on Irish land reform supported by most of the Liberal MPs - Gladstone became PM for the third time in January 1886 and at the age of 77 and introduced an IHR bill - self governing irish government

Answer 8

- March 1886 - Gladstone’s proposed legislation consisted of two related Bills - The first proposed creating a bicameral Irish parliament similar to the Houses of Parliament. - An Irish government would come from this Irish parliament and sit alongside existing Lord-Lieutenant, the representative of the British monarchy. - The Irish parliament responsible for domestic affairs - Westminster parliament responsible for foreign trade, customs, tariffs, defence and foreign policy. - Irish MPs excluded from Westminster - The second bill consisted of a land purchase scheme intended to complete the resolution of the Irish land problem (the Treasury would buy out the landlords at the cost of £50m)

Answer 9

- Bill about the Irish parliament was supported by most of the Liberals who saw no alternative to IHR apart from indefinite and expensive coercion. - Many Whig and Radical members, led by Lord Hartington and Chamberlain respectively, argued and voted against it. - The Conservatives attacked it, arguing IHR was a ‘stepping stone’ to Irish independence which would break up the Union of GB and weaken the empire. - Parnell and the IPP supported the Bill - Churchill played the ‘Orange Card’ bringing the threat of religious violence by warning that IHR would lead to Protestant Ulster viewing IHR as the Catholic rule and subsequent resistance to it - The Bill was thus lost by 30 votes (313 for/343 against) and 93 Liberals voted against their own government - Gladstone’s government resigned; Chamberlain and Hartington left the Liberal party and set up the Liberal Unionist party

Answer 10

- 1887 - response to land wars - arrest leaders and suppress leaders - persecution of those involved in organising boycotts - made nationalist more nationalist

Answer 11

- 1889 - Parnell’s reputation and political status was ruined due to his affair with Kitty O'Shea - the Catholic church in Ireland later refused to back the IPP whilst Parnell, an adulterer, was the leader - nonconformists, offended by his adultery, lobbied Gladstone and the Liberals to reject Parnell. - Parnell refused to resign, attacked Gladstone and the Liberals, undermining his previous strategy of an alliance for IHR, and he re-asserted the independence of the IPP. - December the IPP MPs voted narrowly to dismiss Parnell as their leader. The IPP was now divided and lacked a charismatic leader - Gladstone said that Parnell was the man who put legs on Irish home rule

Answer 12

- Gladstone led the Liberals to a minor victory in the general election - Liberals: 273 MPs Conservatives 269 MPS, 80 IPP MPs & 46 Liberal Unionist MPs - Liberalism began to change in this period and many Liberals only lightly supported IHR, instead prioritising social and political reform over reform in Ireland - But Gladstone was committed to IHR and the party followed him who, aged 84, introduced the second attempt at IHR in the following year.

Answer 13

- 1893 - This time the Bill was economically more favourable to Ireland and it would retain MPs at Westminster to avoid fears of separation from the Union - The Bill was passed in the Commons in September by a small majority of 43 votes - rejected by a massive majority in the Lords (419 to 41) on the grounds that there was no English majority for it in the Commons - Gladstone accepted defeat and retired in 1894

Answer 14

The British Conservatives during this period were known as the Unionists since they were in alliance with the Liberal Unionists following the defeat of Gladstone's first IHR Bill in 1886. The Conservatives had politically benefited from IHR since election victories on the issue (especially in 1894, after the failure of the second IHR bill of 1893) underpinned the Conservative Ascendancy. The Conservatives, Liberal Unionists and the Irish Unionists formed an effective and large bloc of MPs, although they had their internal differences. it should be recalled that the period of the Ascendancy,16 years, exceeded the 12 that Gladstone had when he tried to 'pacify' Balfour first made his political reputation as an Irish Secretary prepared to successfully pursue coercion of Fenianism (hence his name then as 'Bloody Balfour' ) whilst simultaneously the land courts (and thus tenant rights) were strengthened. Nationalism was seen as a symptom of economic backwardness and tenant-landlord tension so modern farming techniques were also promoted and, most importantly, land purchase schemes introduced in 1891, 1893 and 1903 Land purchase and the concurrent establishment of local government in Ireland by the Conservatives silently revolutionised Irish society since the Protestant Ascendancy was diminished - the land issue was effectively dead, Protestant landlordism reduced and local government became dominated by the INP. The Unionists intended to 'kill home rule with kindness' but, whilst they brought greater peace to Ireland in the short term, they were unable to undermine public support for the INP and its main policy, IHR. Irish Unionism collapsed in the south and west of Ireland under the pressures of land purchase and local government. It was also threatened by the cross-community organisation of Ulster workers in trade unions and, in 1905, by the suggestion of administrative devolution suggested by Irish secretary Wyndham. Unionism, encouraged by their supporters in the Conservatives, however, fought back and Balfour withdrew Wyndham's proposal (he promptly resigned in protest). The result was important: the Ulster Unionist Council (UUC) was set up in 1905 to organise the different types of Irish Unionists into an independent governmental organisation that would promote a Unionist Protestant identity and form the spine of resistance to IHR between 1912 and 1914

Answer 15

- the most important of the reforms - to allow tenants to buy the land from their landlords. - The schemes were so successful that Wyndham's Act 1903 finalised the transfer of land - started by Gladstone from Protestant landlords to Catholic tenant farmers.

Answer 16

The Unionists intended to 'kill home rule with kindness' but, whilst they brought greater peace to Ireland in the short term, they were unable to undermine public support for the INP and its main policy, IHR.

Answer 17

- 1912 - introduced by asquith - irish parliament to consult over domestic affairs - control over police judiacy and local millitain - bicameral parliament - irish MPs in british commons

Answer 18

- organised a campaign of civil disobedience - believed the home rule bill would marginalise their authority and rights - armed force - Ulster volunteer force - solemn league off convenance 1912 - pledging to resist home rule by any means possible - liberal government reasons with a military service bill

Anglo-Irish Time Line 1840-1914 Flashcards

(42 cards)