Animal Anatomy and Physiology Final Flashcards

Question

s-s

Answer 1

Disulphide link

Answer 2

Carboxylic Acid

Answer 3

70% of mass

Answer 4

26% of mass

Answer 5

4% of mass

Answer 6

Proteins, Lipids, carbs, nucleic acids

Answer 7

18% of mass Amino Acids Polypeptides Amine -NH2 Carboxylic acid - COOH R chain - Defines AA 20 in total Condensation rxn - Peptide/ amide bond

Answer 8

5% of mass Nucleotides DNA/RNA Phosphate group Pentose Sugar Nucleic Base Phosphodiester Bond

Answer 9

2% of mass Monosaccharides Polysaccharides Ether Bond Carbon Chain with oh groups

Answer 10

1% of mass Glycerol and Fatty Acids Triglycerides Ester Bonds Carboxylic acid group w/ carbon chain Saturated/ Unsaturated

Answer 11

Build larger

Answer 12

Break down

Answer 13

Sequence of amino acids

Answer 14

H-bonds cause folding alpha helix, beta sheet

Answer 15

bonds cause to bend certain ways

Answer 16

Hemoglobin example combining subunits regions of reactivity

Answer 17

Two rings A, G

Answer 18

One ring CTU

Answer 19

Deoxyribose Sugar OH H Double stranded Helical Antiparallel

Answer 20

Ribose Sugar OH OH Single stranded

Answer 21

No membrane or nucleus

Answer 22

membrane and nucleus

Answer 23

Contains DNA

Answer 24

side of translation

Answer 25

sER and rER

Answer 26

side of lipid synthesis

Answer 27

Site of protein synthesis

Answer 28

modifies proteins, packages into lysosomes and vacuoles

Answer 29

Digestive enzymes for phagocytozed food

Answer 30

storage of water Plants- hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 31

convert sugar to ATP

Answer 32

Cell shape and structure

Answer 33

diploid variant of gene

Answer 34

set of alleles present

Answer 35

Physical expression of genotype

Answer 36

Transcription and Translation

Answer 37

Initiation Elongation Termination

Answer 38

Initiation Elongation Termination

Answer 39

Dna to Rna to Protein

Answer 40

Modified triglyceride Hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail

Answer 41

Sphere, tail outwards to water

Answer 42

hole in middle, tails face inwards

Answer 43

Sheet of phospholipids, lipid solubility

Answer 44

functional interaction with other molecules

Answer 45

all the way through

Answer 46

Only one side, on top

Answer 47

Channel Transporter Enzyme Receptor Structural Motor Junctional

Answer 48

Free movement across membrane no reaction

Answer 49

Temporary Bond change shape and release

Answer 50

changes energy needed to induce covalent chemical reaction Substrate and enxyme enzyme-substrate complex products and enzyme

Answer 51

Cell recognition Posttranslational Modification Molecule doesn't move through

Answer 52

Gives shape to cells or substructures

Answer 53

Cause physical movement ATP expense

Answer 54

Tight Junction Desmosome Gap Junction

Answer 55

Occluding proteins Intercellular space

Answer 56

Anchoring and Occlusion Cadherin Proteins

Answer 57

Intercellular space Communication Cytoplasm can pass through Connexin

Answer 58

Epithelia Connective Tissues Muscle Tissues Nervous Tissues

Answer 59

Line Spaces Basal lamina Simple Squamous Stratified Squamous Simple cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar

Answer 60

Connect and anchor Collagen and/or elastin fibers (matrix around cells) Loose irregular Dense irregular Dense regular reticular adipose tissue blood skeletal tissue

Answer 61

Smooth Skeletal Cardiac

Answer 62

System has inequalities Concentration higher on one side Not Natural

Answer 63

Internally Stable State Concentrations on either sides are equal Natural

Answer 64

internal body which internal fluids are stable, not in equilibrium

Answer 65

Passive movement of solute High conc. to low conc. Resisted by barriers

Answer 66

without aid of protein facilitators

Answer 67

with aid of protein facilitators

Answer 68

Ion Gated: Ligand-gated tension-gated voltage-gated

Answer 69

Always Open Sodium, Ca, K

Answer 70

Ligand Recognition Site

Answer 71

Attached to cytoskeleton Open when stretched pain receptors

Answer 72

Only open with specific membrane charge Neurons

Answer 73

Uniporters Symporters Antiporters Active Transporters (ATPases)

Answer 74

moves singular solute towards equilibrium Glucose transporter

Answer 75

Equilibrium for at least one solute Moves one until equal

Answer 76

Multiple solutes, opposite direction Na+ Ca+ antiporter How muscles Contract

Answer 77

One or more solutes Breakdown ATP up or down gradient uni, syn, or anti in function

Answer 78

ATPase - Expends energy

Answer 79

Na+ - Glucose symporter

Answer 80

Passive Transport of water from low to high osmotic pressure

Answer 81

Colligative property - measure of dissolved particles/ unit of volume

Answer 82

Lower osmotic pressure

Answer 83

Higher Osmotic Pressure

Answer 84

Solution same as cells Crenulation Lysis

Answer 85

Protein, changes energy needed to induce a covalent chemical reaction Catalyst -ase

Answer 86

Twists substrate to break into products

Answer 87

- G reactions

Answer 88

+G reactions

Answer 89

Energy needed to complete reaction

Answer 90

measure of substrate converted to product per unit of time

Answer 91

Asymptote Saturation- working at max capacity

Answer 92

Temperature pH Activators/cofactors inhibitors

Answer 93

Competitive (direct) Noncompetitive (indirect)

Answer 94

Downstream product causes slowing of upstream Insulin/ blood glucose level High Blood glucose -> Pancreas secretes insulin -> Glucose in blood decreases -> Insulin release stops

Answer 95

downstream product causes increase of upstream product oxytocin when birthing Cervical stretch ->causes oxytocin release delivery of baby stops production

Answer 96

Sum of all processes through which energy is obtained, transformed, used, or released

Answer 97

Any process that increases order Synthesizes macromolecules Electrical/chemical gradients Movement

Answer 98

Chemical Bonds in food

Answer 99

Chemical Bonds of waste products

Answer 100

Present and stored in animal, capable of performing work

Answer 101

Biosynthesis: Production of life molecules Maintenance: maintain integrity of body and tissues (homeostasis) External work: loss of physical energy to environment

Answer 102

Metabolic Rate Lavoisier - Bomb Calorimeter

Answer 103

Respirometer ml o2/gh

Answer 104

fasting, resting, thermoneutral zone

Answer 105

Poikilotherms Fasting, resting, Temperature specific Max Kleiber

Answer 106

Aerobic Anaerobic

Answer 107

Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Answer 108

Anaerobic Glycolysis Glycolysis to lactate

Answer 109

I mol Glucose, 2 ATP in 2 Pyruvate, net 2 ATP out goes to krebs cycle

Answer 110

pyruvate citrate alpha ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate

Answer 111

Complex 1 Complex 2 Cytochrome C Complex 4 ATPase 24 ATP 29-34 total after

Answer 112

Zygote -cleavage Morula -cavitation Blastula -Gastrulation Gastrulation

Answer 113

Skin and derivatives Boundary between organism and environment

Answer 114

Sensory, Protection, Physiological, Communication, Locomotion

Answer 115

Derived from Ectoderm Formed from Epithelium layering Avascular

Answer 116

Derived From Mesoderm Connective Tissues Innervated vascular

Answer 117

Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale

Answer 118

High Keratin Cells Dead

Answer 119

Translucent Layer High Keratin Cells dying Mitotic Division

Answer 120

Opaque Layer High Keratin Cells Dying

Answer 121

Star shaped cells keratinization Columnar/ cuboid

Answer 122

germination new cells formed tissue renewal

Answer 123

Scales Bony Scales Horny Scales

Answer 124

Dermal Denticles/ Placoid scales Sharks dentine enamel and bone erupt through epidermis

Answer 125

made of bone and other hard materials do not erupt through epidermis Osteichthyes Ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid

Answer 126

thick surface layer of enamel (diamond shape) gar

Answer 127

Boney layer only oval shape ray fin fish teleosts

Answer 128

Boney Layer only Comb like Non-silver fish Goldfish Tuna

Answer 129

Keratin Only Do not erupt through epidermis non homologous to boney scales Feathers Hair Claws, Nails, Hooves Horns, Antlers

Answer 130

Epidermally Derived Rachis- main stem Calamus- base embedded in skin Barbules (proximal) Hooklets (distal)

Answer 131

Preening Feather

Answer 132

Insulation

Answer 133

retrix/ remex well developed and sturdy

Answer 134

around mouth for feeding

Answer 135

smooth airflow Head covert, scapula, breast, undertail

Answer 136

Tail Feathers

Answer 137

Wing feathers 3 Types Primaries (thrust) Secondary (forearm) Tertials (lift) - scapula

Answer 138

Draw Diagram

Answer 139

Extra Keratinized

Answer 140

Bone covered with epidermis Sheds velvet annually

Answer 141

Keratinized epidermis with bone core does not shed giraffe

Answer 142

Keratinized epidermis with bone core Epidermal sheath shed Only in Pronghorns

Answer 143

Cuticular glands - Ecdysis Mucous Glands Sebaceous Glands Sudiferous Glands Mammary Glands Pygidial Glands

Answer 144

Mucus with abundant glycoproteins Skin, moisture Modified poison glands

Answer 145

Oil Gland Holocrine- Hairs feathers high lipid content

Answer 146

Apocrine- cells don't divide Pinch/ lysis of tips (groin & armpit smell) Eccrine- Merocrine by exocytosis low lipid content

Answer 147

Only mammals make milk for young

Answer 148

Only Birds exudes oil to waterproof Pitohui bird Oil bird

Answer 149

Contracting/ Shortening Balance Generation of Heat - ATP

Answer 150

Locomotion, heartbeat, peristalsis, ventilation, feeding, eye movement, gut regulation

Answer 151

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Answer 152

Striated- Dark and light bands Multinucleated Not Branching Skeletal tissues, urinary bladder, trachea, diaphragm Voluntary All or none contraction

Answer 153

Striated Mononucleated Branching Fibers Intercalated disc Heart Only Involuntary Autonomic Motor neurons autorhythmic graded Contraction

Answer 154

Not Striated Mononucleated Not branching Spindle shaped Iris of eye, dermis of skin, blood vessels, sphincters Involuntary autonomic autorhythmic/ tension gated slow speed/ graded contraction

Answer 155

Belly/ organ Muscle tissue, nerves, blood vessels, connective tissues

Answer 156

Cell bundles Muscle fibers, connective tissues

Answer 157

Muscle cell Myofibrils and other organelles

Answer 158

Contractile organelle Complex arrangement of proteins A-Band: Dark band- myosin I-Band: Light band - actin H-zone: between myosin filaments Z-disc: Middle of myofibril M-Line: Middle of myosin Sarcomere: z-disc to z-disc

Answer 159

Titin- Stabilizes actin/myosin scaffolds Nebulin- scaffolding of actin filament Tropomyosin- blocks myosin binding sites Troponin- Controls position of tropomyosin -allosteric cofactor

Answer 160

Sarcolemma - Membrane of Muscle Cell T-Tubules: invaginations of sarcolemma over z-discs Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: modified endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 161

T-tubules between Terminal Cisterna

Answer 162

At Rest: Na-K pump maintains ionic conc. -neg in/ pos out Myosin heads with abs associated ATP attached- bend head and pull in actin Can't contract due to tropomyosin Action Potential (motor neuron): ACH- (acetylcholine) LG channels open, Na+ moves into cytoplasm Action Potential (muscle): Travels into t-tubules- depolarization of sarcolemma Voltage gated (DHPR) loses association with RYR on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum RYR releases Ca+ into cytoplasm Myosin heads interact with myosin binding sites on actin Myosin Heads will stay in Place until no ATP or Ca+ (tropomyosin) After Stimulation: Acetylcholinesterase- released: stops implulse Sarcolemma repolarizes -Na+ goes back Ca+ redistributed to sr by active transport Contraction STOPS!!

Answer 163

Actin attached to membrane Lack of organization

Answer 164

Action Potential of motor neuron and sarcolemma latency period twitch twitch duration -contraction phase -relaxation phase Peak Tension

Answer 165

Maximum force generated by contraction of a singular muscle fiber (all or none)

Answer 166

Capable of graded contraction Recruitment -many fibers: one motor plate per fiber Frequency of stimulation: -single twitch: short/weak -summation: strong/large -Unfused Tetanus: Near Max tension for a muscle -Fused Tetanus: maximum prolonged tension for a muscle Muscle Length at contraction: Overlap between myosin and actin -may produce more or less tension -increasing overlap, optimal overlap, decreasing overlap with increasing length Passive Tension: Tension produced by non-contractile components of a muscle -Connective tissues (tendons) Total Tension: Sum of active and Passive Tension

Answer 167

Isotonic Contraction: Load on muscle is less than max tension -pull one side other anchored Isometric Contraction: Load on muscle is greater than max tension- muscle not allowed to shorten

Answer 168

Aerobic Contraction: ATP is abundant for that contraction Anaerobic Contraction: ATP use exceeds supply - must be obtained via anaerobic metabolism (lactic acid) Fatigue: ATP is completely expended (no more tension)

Answer 169

Very Fast Sparce mitochondria Low Myoglobin large, white High Vascularization anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 170

Slow Dense Mitochondria High Myoglobin Small, red High Vascularization aerobic ATP production posture, balance, sustained activities

Answer 171

Luigi Galvani- Essence Volta- Voltaic Battery Modified Muscle Cells Sarcolemma polarized at rest ACH> NA Channels Depolarization of Action potential Recovery- Na/K pump ACHase

Answer 172

Stacked as columns Columns stacked as electric organs

Answer 173

Main Hunter's Sach's Stacked in series 600 Volts produced

Answer 174

Only in tail Radar Pulses

Answer 175

Structure- anchor for soft tissues Motion- structure for muscle to act on (joints) Protection- surrounds vital soft tissues Physiological- mineral storage, fat, hemopoiesis

Answer 176

connective tissues- cells isolated with fibrous matrix Derived from mesoderm appear first in embryo mesenchyme

Answer 177

Collagenous fibers in glycoprotein matrix Matrix secreted by chondroblasts -> mature to chondrocytes Interstitial or appositional growth avascular calcification not unique

Answer 178

Hyaline Fibrocargilage Elastic Cartilage

Answer 179

Chondrocyte in Lacuna Chondroblasts Perichondrium

Answer 180

Matrix (collagen)

Answer 181

Matrix (elastin) high elastin fibers

Answer 182

Collagenous fibers in hydroxyapatite Matrix secreted by osteoblasts -> mature to osteocytes Appositional growth only vascular, innervated, active remodeling intramembranous or intracartilagenous development

Answer 183

Spongy Bone Compact Bone

Answer 184

Plate like occipital No cartilage intermediate Fish scales, skull bones, pectoral girdle

Answer 185

Diaphysis- middle of shaft Epiphysis- cartilage cartilaginous model forms and is replaced by bone Chondrocytes die Primary center of ossification Osteoclasts destroy cartilage Growth Plate Secondary center of ossification ends All cartilage ossifies completely

Answer 186

Balloon Diameter

Answer 187

Length single direction

Answer 188

hydrostatic skeletons

Answer 189

Outer circular Inner longitudinal

Answer 190

Exoskeleton non-cellular

Answer 191

Exoskeleton Snail Shell

Answer 192

Food Procurement Mechanical breakdown Chemical Breakdown absorption additional processing

Answer 193

becomes gut

Answer 194

mouth first

Answer 195

anus first

Answer 196

Serosa Outer longitudinal Inner Circular Submucosa Mucosa Lumen

Answer 197

Procurement Suspension feeding suction feeding

Answer 198

similar teeth

Answer 199

Selenodonty: herbivores Lophodonty: herbivores jaw movement Bunodonty: grinding plant and animal (human/pig) Carnassials: good for meat bad for plants

Answer 200

Pharynx and esophagus Peristalsis

Answer 201

Specializations Venom Anticoagulant

Answer 202

Stomach and Pyloris Absorption Chemical breakdown Mechanical breakdown Proventriculus and gizzard Ruminant stomach Rumen reticulum omasum abomasum

Answer 203

Intestine, liver, pancreas Peristalsis, amylase, liver bile Plica, villi, microvilli Spiral intestine: shark Cecum: hindgut fermenting mammals (rabbits)

Answer 204

Ectotherms 1-4x Endotherms 7-8x Diet -Carnivores 2-6x -Herbivores >8x

Answer 205

No cud chewing Less efficient Faster than ruminants Coprophagy Horses and Rabbits

Answer 206

Essential: not manufactured by body Non-essential: manufactured by body

Answer 207

Arginine Histidine S

Answer 208

Lipid Soluble: ADEK Water soluble: B2-12, C

Answer 209

Amylase- amylose Lipase-lipids trypsin-proteins Pancreas Pepsin, rennin (stomach)- proteins Sucrase- sucrose (ilium) Bile (liver) emulsifies fat

Answer 210

All blood goes to liver via hepatic portal vein sinusoids between hepatic plates cells of hepatic plate absorbs toxins clean serum to central vein then to hepatic vein

Answer 211

release and acquisition of CO2

Answer 212

Pumping water across gills air across lungs

Answer 213

high to low conc

Answer 214

Carry towards

Answer 215

carry away from

Answer 216

lungs external gills internal gills

Answer 217

Flow same direction Least efficient

Answer 218

Medium does not move relative to lung not efficient External Gills Water vascular system Book gills/lungs

Answer 219

Conductive Zone: trachea primary-tertiary bronchi terminal bronchiole Respiratory Zone: Respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct alveolar sac alveolus

Answer 220

Residual-1200 Expiratory-1200 Resting tidal- 500 Inspiratory reserve- 3100

Answer 221

Glottis and nares Nares open, glottis closed Glottis open, nares open Glottis open, nares close Nares open, glottis closed Buccal pulse pump

Answer 222

Costal movements Gular pump- locomotion Diaphragm muscle Intercostals (heavy breathing) extend inhale close exhale

Answer 223

Medium and blood flow at perpendicular directions Very efficient Anterior air sac, posterior air sac Midioventral bronchus Mesobronchus Parabronchi

Answer 224

Most efficient Flow opposite to each other Gills of mollusks/fish

Answer 225

Ram Ventilation Muscular Teleosts

Answer 226

Transport respiratory gasses, nutrients, wastes, hormones, antibodies Immune system Assist in thermoregulation Repair injuries

Answer 227

Diffusions with Environment Open circulatory w/ haemolymph Closed circulatory w/ blood and lymph

Answer 228

Arteries -away from heart -high pressure flow -thick muscular wall -small caliber -round Veins: -toward heart -low pressure flow -thin inelastic walls -harder caliber -flat -superficial Capillaries: -single cell layer -penetrate tissues -small caliber -sphincters (only in closed system)

Answer 229

Vertebrates annelid worms cephalopod mollusks blood always in a tube

Answer 230

Inf/Sup Vena cava r atrium r tricuspid r ventricle R semilunar Pulmonary trunk l/r pulmonary artery Lung L/r pulmonary l atrium l bicuspid l ventricle aorta

Answer 231

sinus venosus sinoatrial valve atrium atrioventricular vale ventricle semilunar valve bullous ventral aorta afferent brachial arteries gills efferent brachial arteries dorsal aorta

Answer 232

Branchial hearts, systemic heart

Answer 233

w/w/out hearts Haemolymph not always contained within a tube flow cannot be controlled effectively

Answer 234

Starfish; water vascular system

Answer 235

Ventral and Dorsal Aorta 6 arches carotid arteries to head from arch 1 Dorsal aorta to body from arch 6

Answer 236

Two Aortae Ventral Dorsal 6 Arches 1&2 Lost 3-6 paired Carotid head to arch 3 Dorsal body to arch 6

Answer 237

Tow aortae Ventral Dorsal 6 arches 1 lost 2,5,6 paired 3,5 paired not passing to gills 2-6 sphincters 6 pulmonary arteries In Water: 3,5,6 In Air: 3,4,6 4 chambered heart with partial partitions

Answer 238

3 chambers and spiral valve or partial ventricular divisions

Answer 239

4 chambers complete separation l and r sides

Answer 240

4 chambers of complete separation of L and R sides

Answer 241

fetal lungs not inflated/functional Foramen ovale- skips from R atrium to L atrium Matures to Fossa ovalis Ductus arteriosus- to ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 242

Myogenic contraction at SA node (pacemaker) Depolarization spreads through atria Connective Tissue- av interface A-V node impulse Depolarization myocardium Ventricles repolarize and relax

Answer 243

Atrial Depolarization Ventricular Depolarization QRS Ventricular Repolarization

Answer 244

Systolic- highest during Contraction Diastolic - Lowest during contraction Sys/ Dia

Answer 245

Plasma/ serum Components Cellular Components Other Dissolved Mollecules

Answer 246

Dissolved in blood serum Respiratory pigments

Answer 247

Metalloproteins reversible bonds w/ O2 inc. O2 carrying Capacity Carry CO2 Reserve O2

Answer 248

heme w/ metal fe attached to globin proteins

Answer 249

blue ox red deox

Answer 250

red ox clear deox

Answer 251

red ox green deox

Animal Anatomy and Physiology Final Flashcards

(295 cards)