Animal and Plant cells (B1.2)

Question 1

What are the main 5 sub-cellular organelles found within an animal cell?

Answer 1

The nucleus, the cytoplasm, the cell membrane, the mitochondria and the ribosomes.

Question 2

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 2

The nucleus contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.

Question 3

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 3

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these reactions.

Question 4

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 4

The cell membrane holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Question 5

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 5

The mitochondria is where the chemical reaction of aerobic respiration takes place. Aerobic respiration RELEASES energy that the cell needs to work.

Question 6

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 6

The ribosomes make all the proteins needed in the cells via a process called protein synthesis.

Question 7

Name the three extra structures that are present in plant cell but are absent in animal cells.

Answer 7

The cell wall, the permanent vacuole and the chloroplasts.

Question 8

What is the cell wall made of and what is its function in a plant cell?

Answer 8

The cell wall is made of cellulose. It supports the cell and strengthens it.

Question 9

What is the function of a permanent vacuole in a plant cell?

Answer 9

The permanent vacuole is a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap - which is a weak solution of sugar and salts - and is important for keeping the cells rigid (hard) to support the plant.

Question 10

What is the function of chloroplast in a plant cell?

Answer 10

The chloroplast is where the chemical reaction of photosynthesis takes place, which makes food for the plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis.

Question 11

Name a few of the membrane bound organelles.

Answer 11

The nucleus, the mitochondria, the vacuole, and the chloroplast.

Question 12

What types of cells do NOT have membrane bound organelles?

Answer 12

Prokaryotic cells.

Question 13

What types of cells do have membrane bound organelles?

Answer 13

Eukaryotic cells.

Question 14

What are Eukaryotic cells called and name one type of eukaryotic cell.

Answer 14

Eukaryotic cells are called Eukaryotes and one type of eukaryotic cell is an animal cell.

Question 15

What are Prokaryotic cells called, name one type of prokaryotic cell and all the sub cellular structures within said cell.

Answer 15

Prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes and one type of prokaryotic cell is a bacteria cell. The bacteria cell consists of: the cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, slime capsule, cell wall, plasmids and flagella.

Question 16

What are plasmids?

Answer 16

Plasmids are small rings of DNA within bacterial cells.

Question 17

What are the flagella and it’s function. (Also, state what the singular name is for the structure).

Answer 17

The flagella (singular: flagellum) are long proteins strands - which help the bacteria cell to move themselves around.

Question 18

Define what diffusion is.

Answer 18

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a high area of concentration to a low area of concentration, down a concentration gradient. Diffusion is a passive process, meaning that it does not require energy from respiration.

Question 19

What is the rate of diffusion?

Answer 19

How quickly particles move from an area of high to low concentration.

Question 20

State two factors that make the rate of diffusion go more faster.

Answer 20

The bigger the concentration gradient (the difference in concentration), the faster the diffusion rate.
AND
A higher temperature will also give a faster diffusion rate because the particles have more energy, so they move faster.

Question 21

Define what osmosis is.

Answer 21

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules - which travel from a high area to low area of water molecules - that move across a partially permeable membrane. It also goes down a concentration gradient and is a passive process.

Question 22

What is a partially permeable membrane?

Answer 22

Partially permeable membranes are membranes that only allow certain types of particles to go through.

Question 23

What is a dilute solution?

Answer 23

A dilute solution contains a high concentration of solvent (a substance to dissolve things) and a low concentration of solute (a substance that dissolves in solvents.)

Question 24

What is a concentrated solution?

Answer 24

A concentrated solution contains a high concentration of solute substances and a low concentration of solvent substances.

Question 25

Describe what a isotonic solution is and what the cell’s state would be like.

Answer 25

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration, the solution is isotonic to the cell. The cell’s state would be normal

Question 26

Describe what a hypertonic solution is and what the cell’s state would be like.

Answer 26

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration, the solution is hypertonic to the cell. The cell’s state would be shriveled.

Question 27

Describe what a hypotonic solution is and what the cell’s state would be like.

Answer 27

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration, the solution is hypotonic to the cell. The cell’s state would be burst.

Question 28

What solution would plant cells prefer to be in and what is the name of their state.

Answer 28

Plant cells would prefer to be in a hypotonic solution because they want pressure, otherwise known as turgor, which makes the cells hard and rigid so that the leaves and stems of the plant are rigid and firm. The state is called turgid.

Question 29

Define what active transport is.

Answer 29

Active transport is the net movement of particles from an area of low to an area of high concentration. Therefore, it goes down a concentration gradient and is an energy required process - by which the energy is release in both areobic and anaerobic respiration - and active transport takes place in the mitochondria.

Question 30

What impact can a big SA:V ratio have on an organism?

Answer 30

A big SA:V ratio can make a exchanging substances within an organisms to be more easy and efficient.

Question 31

What happens to the exchanging of materials with a bigger, multicellular organism?

Answer 31

As living organisms get bigger and more complex, their SA:V ratio gets smaller - which makes it very difficult to exchange materials quickly enough and they require specialized exchange surfaces.

Question 32

State four adaptations for exchanging materials.

Answer 32

Having a large surface area. Having a thin membrane or being thin to provide a short diffusion path. In animals, having an efficient blood supply moves the diffusing substances away from the exchange surfaces and maintains a steep concentration (diffusion) gradient. In animals, being ventilated makes gas exchange more efficient by maintaining steep concentration gradients.

Question 33

How do you calculate Magnification, Image Size and Actual size.

Answer 33

I = A x M A = I divide M M = I divide A

Question 34

What is the difference between Magnification and Resolution.

Answer 34

Magnification makes an image appear larger, where as resolution is the quality (detail) of the image.

Question 35

What is the difference between a Light Microscope and an Electron microscope.

Answer 35

Unlike light microscopes, electron microscopes have a higher resolution, higher magnification, more larger in size and are more expensive.

Question 36

Explain what Differentiate means.

Answer 36

Differentiate is the ability to beacons different in the process of growth or development.

Question 37

What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer 37

Embryonic stem cells are cell within the embryo that differentiate to form all of the specialized cells in the body.

Question 38

What are adult stem cells and name one place where you can find them in?

Answer 38

Adult stem cells are stems cells that are undifferentiated and can differentiate to be used to replace dead or damaged cells. One place you can find them in is in bone marrow.

Question 39

What are some differences and similarities between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

Answer 39

Embryonic stem cells are found in embryos and they do not remain undifferentiated cells, unlike adult stem cells - which are usually found in bone marrow and remain undifferentiated over a period of time. However, similarly, both cells do differentiate to form specialized cells.