Animal and Reproductive Behaviours

Question 1

Innate or instinctive behaviour

Answer 1

controlled genetically

Question 2

Learned

Answer 2

developed as a result of experience

Question 3

Circadian rhythms

Answer 3

diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular

Question 4

Lunar Rhythms

Answer 4

coinside with the phases of the moon

Question 5

Circannual rhythms

Answer 5

yearly (migration)

Question 6

Communication

Answer 6

• touch
• posture
• sounds
• visual signs
• chemical signs (pheromones)

Question 7

Sexual

Answer 7

genetic information of two parents merge

Question 8

Asexual

Answer 8

the off-spring is cloned (occurs in plants)

Question 9

Mitosis

Answer 9

growth and repair of cells (cells split into two)

Question 10

Hermaphrodites

Answer 10

have a functioning male and female reproductive systems

Question 11

Parthenogenesis ‘Virgin birth’

Answer 11

New individuals develop from an unfertilized egg. all will be female. (bees, stick insects, wasps, ants, lizards and birds.)

Question 12

Internal Fertilisation

Answer 12

union of sperm and egg occurs inside the female.

Question 13

External Fertilisation

Answer 13

egg and sperm fuse in external environment. (coral)

Question 14

Monogamy

Answer 14

single pair mating

Question 15

Polygamy

Answer 15

multiple matings

Question 16

Promiscuity

Answer 16

either the male or female have many partners during breeding seasons.

Question 17

Seasonal breeding

Answer 17

Mammals can only breed at certain times of the year

Question 18

Quick and many (r-selection)

Answer 18

the species produces large numbers of off spring and breed frequently. They put little energy into their young.

Question 19

Slower and Fewer (k-selection)

Answer 19

animals tend to mature slowly, breed later and put extensive car into their young.

Question 20

Diaplause

Answer 20

‘a resting state’ they are able to pause embryo’s growth during periods of low food ability.

Question 21

Oviparity

Answer 21

Egg laying

Question 22

Viviparity

Answer 22

develop within a mother’s body and are born as a miniature adult.

Question 23

Viviparous

Answer 23

nutrition within mother varies

Question 24

Amniotic eggs

Answer 24

contain large amounts of yolk

Question 25

Monotremes

Answer 25

are the only mammals that lay eggs (platypi, echidnas)

Question 26

live young- viviparity

Answer 26

embryo's develop within the mother's body.

Question 27

Egg yolk viviparity

Answer 27

mother produce eggs but do not lay them. They hatch inside the uterus and the young are born

Question 28

Placental viviparity

Answer 28

nutrients are delivered from the maternal bloodstream via the placenta to the embyro

Question 29

Parental care

Answer 29

Some young receive little or no care while others get lots of care.

Question 30

Competitive behaviour

Answer 30

competition is one of the factors that affects population size

Question 31

Predator

Answer 31

are adapted to catching and consuming their prey.

Question 32

Prey

Answer 32

have adaptations to detect and flee from predators

Question 33

Social groups

Answer 33

makes food collecting easier, herds, easier to mate

Question 34

Territorial

Answer 34

protect a resource for their own use. (social hierarchy).

Question 35

Learned Behaviour

Answer 35

development of behaviours through experience.

Question 36

Imprinting

Answer 36

(both innate and learned) once it is learned it cannot be changed.

Question 37

Habituation

Answer 37

ability to ignore frequent, harmless stimulus (scarecrow).

Question 38

Classical conditioning

Answer 38

responding to a particular stimulus (basic obedience training)

Question 39

Operant conditioning or training

Answer 39

repeated practice using a reward or punishment system.

Question 40

Trial and error learning

Answer 40

rat presses lever and gets food

Question 41

Behaviour is controlled by:

Answer 41

nervous system and endocrine system.