animal coordination and homeostasis

Question 1

the endocrines system

Answer 1

made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
blood carries hormones to target cells around body where it has an effect

Question 2

endocrine compared to nervous

Answer 2

chemicals not electrical impulses
blood not nerves
slower response time
longer lasting effects
can affect multiple organs at once

Question 3

pituitary gland

Answer 3

master gland
hormones released act on other glands to stimulate more hormone releases

lh psh

Question 4

adrenal gland

Answer 4

adrenalinep

Question 5

pancreas

Answer 5

insulin
glucagon

Question 6

ovary

Answer 6

oestrogen and progesterone

Question 7

testes

Answer 7

testosterone

Question 8

what does adrenaline do

Answer 8

released in times of fear or stress so prepare the body for flight or fight response

Question 9

effects of adrenaline

Answer 9

reduces blood flow to digestive system
increases heart rate
increases breathing rate
hr and breathing means more glucose and 02 to brain - think and react and muscles - run or fight

adrenaline stops being released when danger passes

Question 10

thyroxine controls

Answer 10

the basal metabolic rate which is important for growth and development
receptors in the pituitary gland control how much thryroxine is released to change metabolic rate
TRH is produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH which triggers thryroid

negative feedback loop

Question 11

when does thyroxine get released

Answer 11

decrease in body temp
more thyroxine released to increase rate
increases rate of respiration to release heat energy

Question 12

when does thyroxine say nada

Answer 12

stress levels increased
less released to slow down metabolic rate
less respiration so more nutrients are stored as fat to help survive long term change

Question 13

reproductive hormones

Answer 13

during puberty released causing development of secondary sex characteristics causing physical changes preparing body for sexual reproduction

Question 14

pituitary gland in reproductive hormones

Answer 14

FSH egg maturing in ovary
LH egg released from ovary

Question 15

out of the 4 menstrual cycle hormones, which 2 work in a negative feedback cycle

Answer 15

FSH AND OESTROGENr

Question 16

pre ovulation

Answer 16

steady low progesterone
rising oestrogen levels (because of FSH increase) causes uterus lining to develop. this triggers LH so egg is released when the uterus lining is ready to receive it

Question 17

ovulation

Answer 17

egg is released

Question 18

post ovulation

Answer 18

oestrogen rises to inhibit FSH so only one egg matures per cycle
progesterone levels increase to maintain lining which inhibits borh FSH and LH to prevent any other eggs maturing or being released during a potential pregnancy

Question 19

menstruation

Answer 19

decline in progesterone triggers lining to fall

Question 20

hormonal pill patch or implant

Answer 20

contain progesterone and oestrogen to inhibit FSH and LH so no eggs are matured or released from the ovaries so cannot be fertilised

Question 21

iuds

Answer 21

placed in uterus to prevent an embryo implanting in the wall which can cause pain bleeding or infection
can be copper plastic or hormonal

Question 22

spermicide

Answer 22

kills or disables sperm so they cannot swim to egg

Question 23

surgical sterilisation

Answer 23

permanent solution to cut tubes that release gametes

Question 24

fertility drugs

Answer 24

fsh, lh injected to increase egg maturation and release
clomifene may be all that is needed to trigger ovulation
It works by blocking the action of oestrogen’s negative feedback on LH. Therefore more LH is released in a surge.

Question 25

ivf

Answer 25

eggs collected, sperm collected, fertilisation in lab, embryos formed replaced into uterus to start pregnancy

Question 26

pros of ivf

Answer 26

allows parents to have a biological child

Question 27

cons ivf

Answer 27

very physically and emotionally stressful no higher success rate than normal can lead to multiple births and risks health of babies and mother unused embryos destroyed - ethical issue

Question 28

homeostasis

Answer 28

regulation of conditions to maintain an optimum internal environment in reponse to internal or external change

Question 29

homeostasis is controled by nervous syustem and endocrine system in a cyclical process which is.....

Answer 29

receptors in organs detect changes in internal or external stimulus info is sent via hormones or nervous impulses coordinators process info (brain spinal chord pancreas etc) hormones or nervous impulses effectorrs respond to the stimulus either glands or muscles body responds to change

Question 30

general overview of thermoregulation

Answer 30

hypothalmus receptors, blood temp, skin receptors in epidermis send nervous impulses etc etc too cold, reduce heat loss by radiation too hot, increase heat loss by radiation

Question 31

too cold,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Answer 31

muscle contraction (shivering) increases respiration hairs stand up - contraction of erector muscles sweat stops vasoconstriction

Question 32

too hot

Answer 32

hairs lie flat sweating increases heat energy used to evaporate sweat vasodilation

Question 33

vasoconstriction

Answer 33

arterioles close to the skin narrow to reduce blood flow and reduce heat loss by radiation arterioles contract shunt vessel dilates directing blood flow away

Question 34

vasodilation

Answer 34

arterioles close to skin widen to increase blood flow and heat loss by radiation arterioles dilate shunt vessel constricts directing blood flow closer

Question 35

blood glucose as a negative loop

Answer 35

when blood glucose increases after a meal, pancreas releases insulin]negative feedback as teh change is being reversed

Question 36

cycle of controlling blood glucose high levels

Answer 36

receptors in pancreas detect increase in glucose levels coordinator (pancreas releases insulin) insulin travles in blood to effector liver - insulin binds to liver and muscle cells and makes them absorb glucose from blood blood glucose decreases and the excess glucose in the liver and muscle cells is converted to glycogen

Question 37

controlling low glucose levels

Answer 37

glucagon released from pancreas converts glycogen into glucose in the liver and released into blood

Question 38

type 1 diabetes

Answer 38

not enough or no insulin produced by the pancreas insulin injections help lower blood glucose

Question 39

type 2 diabetes

Answer 39

insulin receptors no longer respond to insulin low carb diet and excercise risk increased due to obesity / bmi

Question 40

stage 1 of the nephron

Answer 40

filtration blood passes into capillaries glomerelus - blood is under high pressure which causes smalll molecules to be squeezed out and pass into nephrontubule: urea, water, ions, glucose

Question 41

stage 2 of nephron

Answer 41

selective reabsorption loop of henle - kidney must reabsorb needed molecules, all glucose is reabsorbed asw much water as the body needs to maintain a constant water level in blood plasna reabsorbed as many ions needed reabsorbed

Question 42

stage 3 of nephron

Answer 42

formation of urine molecules which were not selectivelty reabsorbed continue along the nephron tubule which passes down into the bladder

Question 43

kidney dialysis

Answer 43

patient is attached to machine removes blood from body and filters it urea is removed dialysis fluid flows next to blood causing diffusionof urea and excess ions out of the blood into the fluid used to keep people waiting for transplant alive as it is not long term

Question 44

ADH when water toohigh

Answer 44

receptors detect high blood water levels pituitary gland releases less adh into blood less water reabsorbed into blood so more removed in urineadh

Question 45

adh when water too low

Answer 45

receptors detect low levels so pituitary gland releases MORE adh into blood more water is reabsorbed into blood so less water is removed in urine

Question 46

importance of maintaining water levels

Answer 46

needs to be same conc to cytoplasm to prevent osmosis cells wont function properly if they gain or lose too much water

Question 47

ways water ions and urea are excreted

Answer 47

from skin via sweat as vapour from exhaling through urine

Question 48

nitrogen in body is from

Answer 48

proteins break down into amino aicds due to protease and the amino acids contain nitrogen

Question 49

how and why do we get rid of nitrogen

Answer 49

nitrogen cannot be stored safely in body liver deaminates amino acids into ammonia then converts to less toxic urea kidneys filterthe urea from blood and it is excreted