exchange and transport in animals

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

not breathing!!!!!!!!!! it is an exothermic chemical reaction that occurs inside every cell to release energy from sugars

Question 2

aerobic respiration

Answer 2

happens in mitochondria
uses oxygen to breakdown glucose
o2 + C6H12O6 -> CO2 + H2O

Question 3

uses of energy released by aerobic respiration

Answer 3

chemical reactions to build new molecules
active transport to move substances
movement
keeping warm

Question 4

anaerobic respiraton

Answer 4

takes place with little.no oxygen
breaks down glucose to release energy but a SMALLER SMOUNT is released
happens in the cytoplasm
glucose -> lactic acid

Question 5

where and when does anaerobic respiration occur mostly

Answer 5

in muscle cells during high intensity excercise

Question 6

effects of lactic acid

Answer 6

toxic if it builds up in cells
removed in blood to liver

Question 7

adaptations exchange surfaces have to maximise rate of diffusiom

Answer 7

thin walls
large surface area
good blood or air supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient

Question 8

diffusion in alveoli

Answer 8

gases diffuse between lungs and blood in capilaries

Question 9

diffusion in small intestine

Answer 9

villi
small molecules diffuse from small intestine into blood in capiliries

Question 10

diffusion in leaves

Answer 10

gases difuse in and out of stomata for gas exchange in cells for respiration and photosynthesis

Question 11

the larger an organism gets, what happens to its SA:V ratio

Answer 11

it decreases so it needs specially adapted exchange surfaces and a transport system to increase the rate of diffusion of substances in and out of cells

Question 12

ficks law can be used to calc rate of diffusion
rate of diffusion is approx equal to…

Answer 12

      thickness of membrane

Question 13

how does conc gradient affect rate of diffusion

Answer 13

increasing it increases the speed of diffusion

Question 14

how does distance affecet rate of diffusion

Answer 14

reducing the distance the particles have to travel increases the speed of diffusion

Question 15

how does temp affect diffusion rate

Answer 15

increasing temp increases speed of diffusion

Question 16

hwo does surface area affect diffusion

Answer 16

increasing surface area of memberane increases the speed of diffusion

Question 17

red blood cells

Answer 17

no nucleus
contains lots of haemoglobin protein
has biconcave shape for a large surface area
transports oxygen

Question 18

platelets

Answer 18

involced in clotting open wounds to prevent infection

Question 19

white blood cells

Answer 19

phagocytes engulf pathogens
lymphocytes produce antibodies and antitoxins
they defend the body from pathogens

Question 20

plasma

Answer 20

liquid that blood cells are suspended in(mostly water) contains dissolved substances eg glucose

Question 21

arteries job

Answer 21

take blood AWAY from the heart at a high pressure

Question 22

features of arteries

Answer 22

narrow lumen (<18mm) to maintain high pressure
thick elastic layer so they can stretch and recoil to maintain high pressure
thick muscle layer to withstand high pressure

Question 23

veins job

Answer 23

transports blood intoheart at a low pressure

Question 24

veins features

Answer 24

wider lumen (<30mm) to transport greater volume of blood
thinner muslce and elastic walls as blood at low pressure
valves to prevent the backflow of blood due to gavity

Question 25

capillaries jon

Answer 25

transports blood close to cells so substances can be exchanged

Question 26

capillaries features

Answer 26

narrow lumen to slow blood flow and increase diffusion time thin walls only one cell ick to decrease diffusion distance join small arteries and veins together

Question 27

what is weird about heart diagram

Answer 27

left and right are flipped

Question 28

top chambers are the

Answer 28

atriums (A for Above)

Question 29

bottom chambers are the

Answer 29

ventricles

Question 30

what tube thing is into the right atrium

Answer 30

vena cava

Question 31

what does the vena cava carry

Answer 31

deoxygenated blood from the body

Question 32

what tube goes out of the right ventricle

Answer 32

pulmonary artery

Question 33

what does pulmonary artery carry

Answer 33

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 34

what enters the left atrium

Answer 34

pulmonary vein

Question 35

what does pulmonary vein carry

Answer 35

oxygenated blood from the lungs

Question 36

what leaves the left ventricle

Answer 36

aorta

Question 37

what does aorta carry

Answer 37

oxygenated blood to whole body

Question 38

which ventricle has thicker muscle walls and why

Answer 38

left ventricle to contract with more force so blood leaves at higher pressure to reach around whole body

Question 39

what type of system is the human circulatory system

Answer 39

s double system blood flows through the heart twice once to lungs and once to rest of the body

Question 40

what is heart rate controlled by

Answer 40

pacemaker cells in the right atrium

Question 41

what happens if pacemaker cells stop working

Answer 41

can cause arrythmia and an artificial pacemaker can be fitted

Question 42

how many cells thick is the alveolus walls

Answer 42

one

Question 43

gas exchange in the alveoli

Answer 43

deoxygenated blood diffuses co2 into alveoli diffusion of oxygen into blood from alveoli

Question 44

measuring co2 production

Answer 44

volume collected / time = rate control =no yeast or dead yeast independent can be temp, substrate or conc have yeast solution in tube in water bath then a gas sytinge to collect and measure volume of co2

Question 45

measurong 02 consumption

Answer 45

use a respirometer and manometer and a small organism or seeds The apparatus consists of two tubes, one containing the living organisms and the other with glass beads to act as a control. Both tubes contain an alkali such as sodium hydroxide to absorb any carbon dioxide given off during respiration. This ensures that any volume changes measured in the experiment are due to oxygen uptake only. Once the apparatus has been set up, the movement of the coloured liquid towards the insect will give a measure of the volume of oxygen taken up by the insect for respiration. The reduction of volume in the tube increases pressure causing the coloured liquid to move. The distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured will provide the volume of oxygen taken in by the insect per minute.

Question 46

cardiac output equation

Answer 46

stroke volume (cm3 of blood leaving ventricle each beat) x heart rate the total vlume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

Question 47

effects to heart during excercise

Answer 47

body needs more energy from respiration muscles contract and break down glycogen into glucose increased breathing rate increased heart rate to pump more blood faster to muscle cells