Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Regulation

Answer 1

using internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

Question 2

Conformation

Answer 2

allowing internal conditions to change in accordance with external changes in a particular variable

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

the steady state physiological condition of the body

maintaining a constant internal environment when the external changes a lot

Question 4

Epithelium

Answer 4

Sheets of closely packed cells (because of this they act as barriers against injury fluid loss and pathogens)
Cover the outside of the body and line organs (arteries esophagus)
Surfaces like skin

Question 5

Squamous

Answer 5

FUNCTION
cells that are:
thin(only single layer of cells) and leaky allow materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration (permeable to many things)
secrete lubricating substances

LOCATION
air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart blood vessels and lymphatic vessels lung lining

Question 6

Cuboidal

Answer 6

FUNCTION
cells that secrete and absorb

LOCATION
make up epithelium of kidney tubules many glands, thyroid and salivary

Question 7

Columnar

Answer 7

FUNCTION
cells found where absorption and secretion is important (secrete mucous and enzymes)

LOCATION
ciliated tissue are in bronchi uterine tubes and uterus; smooth nonciliated are in digestive tract and bladder
lines intestines secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients

Question 8

Organs

Answer 8

composed of several different tissues

Question 9

Organ system

Answer 9

groups of organs that work together

Question 10

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

Answer 10

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle tissue
nervous tissue

Question 11

What are the types of Epithelial cells?

Answer 11

Simple squamous epithelial  
simple cuboidal epithelium 
stratified squamous epithelium 
simple columnar epithelium 
pseudostratified columnar

Question 12

What are the types of Epithelial cells?

Answer 12

Simple squamous epithelial  
simple cuboidal epithelium 
stratified squamous epithelium 
simple columnar epithelium 
pseudostratified columnar

Question 13

Stratified

Answer 13

FUNCTION 
multilayered and regenerate quickly 
found on protective surfaces( because things can't pass through as easily so good protective membranes  ) 
impermeable to most materials 
good against abrasions 

LOCATION
lines the esophagus mouth and vagina lining body surfaces

Question 14

Pseudostratified

Answer 14

FUNCTION
a single layer of cells
secretes mucus; ciliated tissue move mucus

LOCATION
ciliated tissue lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract

Question 15

What do cuboidal columnar and Pseudostratified have in common?

Answer 15

thicker(things cant move in as freely) ; good at absorption and secretion some are ciliated

Question 16

Stratified

Answer 16

FUNCTION 
multilayered and regenerate quickly 
found on protective surfaces/protective barrier( because things can't pass through as easily, so good membrane ) 
impermeable to most materials 
good against abrasions 

LOCATION
lines the esophagus mouth and vagina lining body surfaces

Question 17

What is the most common protein in the body?

Answer 17

collagen

Question 18

Connective tissue

Answer 18

Typically, sparsely distributed cells in a secreted matrix holds tissues and organs in place like a skeleton for the cell
Spread out

Question 19

fibroblasts

Answer 19

secrete fiber proteins within matrix of connective tissue

Question 20

macrophages

Answer 20

engulf foreign debris and cells by phagocytosis

Question 21

What are the 3 kinds of connective tissue fibers?

Answer 21

1. Collagenous fibers (provide strength and flexibility)
2. Reticular (join connective tissue to adjacent tissue)
3. Elastic (make tissue elastic, restore it back to original shape)

Question 22

What are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 22

Loose connective tissue (under the skin)
Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon)
Adipose tissue (contain fat droplets)
Cartilage (skeletal elements at the end of the bone)
Bone (living organ)
Blood (plasma is matrix)

Question 23

Loose CT

Answer 23

most widespread
under the skin holds organs in place
found in skin and throughout body
has all 3 types of fibers

Question 24

Skeletal muscle

Answer 24

responsible for voluntary movements
made of unbranched fibers
striated- features repeating functional units called sarcomeres stripe like appearance
attached to bones by tendons

Question 25

Cardiac muscle

Answer 25

``` made of branched fibers forms contractile wall of heart striated responsible for contraction of heart has fibers that interconnect via intercalated discs which relay signals from cell to cell and synchronize heart condition ```

Question 26

Smooth muscle

Answer 26

made of spindle shaped cells unstriated found in the walls of the digestive tract arteries urinary bladder and other internal organs responsible for involuntary movements(contraction of internal organs) ex- churning of stomach and constriction of arteries

Question 27

Nervous tissue

Answer 27

functions in receiving transmitting and processing info | sense stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses from one part of animal to another

Question 28

Loose CT

Answer 28

most widespread under the skin holds organs in place found in skin and throughout body made up of loose weave of fibers- has all 3 types of fibers

Question 29

Fibrous CT

Answer 29

``` (forming a tendon) made of parallel fibers collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments connects bones and muscles ```

Question 30

Bone

Answer 30

(living organ) made up of collagen fibers in calcium salts found in rigid parts of skeleton gives support to body living tissue that secretes a really hard matrix that holds the cells in place

Question 31

Cartilage

Answer 31

(skeletal elements at the end of the bone in our noses and ears, and joints where they cushion one bone to another) rubbery collagenous matrix found in flexibel parts of skeleton provides support skeleton of embryo which gets replaced by bones

Question 32

Adipose

Answer 32

contain/stores fat droplets in adipose cells distributed throughout matrix serves as storage padding and insulation

Question 33

Blood

Answer 33

plasma is matrix which consist of water proteins and salts | transports nutrients gases and waste materials

Question 34

muscle tissue

Answer 34

responsible for body movement

Question 35

muscle tissue

Answer 35

responsible for body movement | composed of long cells called muscle fibers

Question 36

How many major organ systems in vertebrates /

Answer 36

12 major

Question 37

What are examples of negative feedback loops?

Answer 37

``` Body temp Blood ph Blood sugar levels Blood calcium levels Thyroid hormone levels Bile production ```

Question 38

What are examples of Positive feedback loops ?

Answer 38

Blood clotting- once it starts it triggers more blood clotting Uterine contractions during child birth (mediated by oxytocin) (Each contraction increases strength and timing of next and it grows and grows until baby is born ) Male ejaculation (mediated by oxytocin) Less common than negative feedback loops

Question 39

Positive feedback loops

Answer 39

Amplify changes rather than dampen them (If it sees temperature rising it increases that temperature) Less common than negative feedback loops Grows out of control (if it amplifies changes the changes are going to get bigger and bigger until the system breaks)

Question 40

Which part of the brain is involved in homeostasis?

Answer 40

hypothalamus | warm receptors signal the hypothalamic thermostat when temperature increases vice versa

Question 41

What happens when temperature is below body range?

Answer 41

when the body temperature decreases- stimulus a bundle of nerve cells in the hypothalamus(control centre and sensor) and act as thermostats and inhibits heat loss mechanisms and activates heat saving ones skeletal muscles contracting causing shivering generating heat and blood vessels in skin constricting reducing heat loss of skins surface (responses) body temp increases

Question 42

What happens when temperature is above body range?

Answer 42

the thermostat in hypothalamus activates and shuts down heat retention mechanisms and promotes cooling of the body by blood vessels in skin dilating filing capillaries with warm blood which radiates heat away from the body and sweat glands secrete sweat which evaporates cooling the body and the body temp decreases

Question 43

Anatomy

Answer 43

shapes of organisms

Question 44

physiology

Answer 44

how things work, how different cells metabolize

Question 45

what did Lamarck believe?

Answer 45

form follows function The more you use something the stronger it will be Giraffes needing to reach high areas will cause their necks to grow and will cause their offspring to have long necks

Question 46

What did Darwin believe?

Answer 46

form precedes function If you have a long neck you will be more likely to survive In any case you can learn a lot about one by observing the other An animal's form is not perfect

Question 47

Congenital mirror movement disorder

Answer 47

few axons are going to left hand some to right and his left fingers are mirroring the left and he cant control it

Question 48

Explain how | Animals form is not perfect

Answer 48

Laryngeal nerve in all vertebrae's wraps around the aorta to operate mouth parts This is expensive to build all that neural machinery and expensive to operate and also slow This started with fish their brain and heart were next to each other because they don’t have necks so by chance the nerve wrapped around aorta to get to mouth parts and it evolved Easier from a evolutionary perspective to keep this then to redesign Right side of brain controls left side of body vice versa All of the nerves from the right side of the brain cross to the left side of the body this just evolved this way It would have been harder in a evolutionary stand point to change

Question 49

where are each of the type of tissue derived from

Answer 49

muscle tissue- mesoderm epithelial- endoderm connective- mesoderm nervous- ectoderm