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BIOLOGY 1030 > Plant Growth and development > Flashcards

Plant Growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

What are plants composed of?

A

composed of cells, tissues and organs

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2
Q

tissue

A

is a group of cells, consisting of one or more cell types, that together perform a specialized function.

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3
Q

organ

A

consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions

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4
Q

What are the 2 organ system?

A

Shoot system

Root system

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5
Q

Root system

A

below ground organs of the plant

All of a plant’s roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

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6
Q

shoot system

A

(above ground organs of the plant)

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

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7
Q

photosynthates

A

the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis, are imported from the shoot system.

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8
Q

What does the shoot system depend on? Root system?

A

are almost never photosynthetic; the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis, are imported from the shoot system

the shoot system depends on the water and minerals that roots absorb from the soil

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9
Q

What does the shoot system consist of?

A

stems

leaves

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10
Q

What do stems consist of?

A

Nodes
Internodes
Shoot apical meristem (SAM)/Apical buds
Axillary buds

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11
Q

What do leaves consist of?

A

Blades
Petioles
Veins -

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12
Q

Nodes

A

leaf attachment points

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13
Q

Internodes

A

stem between leaves

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14
Q

Shoot apical meristem (SAM)/Apical buds

A

grows up (aka terminal bud)

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15
Q

Axillary buds

A

can form lateral branches, thorns

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16
Q

Blades

A

flattened part of the leaf for photosynthesis

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17
Q

Petioles

A

joins the blade to the stem

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18
Q

Veins

A

vascular tissues

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19
Q

What does the root system consist of?

A

Taproots (eudicots)
Lateral roots
• Root hairs
Root apical meristem (RAM)

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20
Q

Taproots

A

(eudicots) -> main vertical root
energetically expensive to make, allows the plant to be taller, giving it access to more favourable light conditions and, in some cases, providing an advantage for pollen and seed dispersal

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21
Q

Lateral roots

A

sides roots

have root hairs

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22
Q

Root hairs

A

extensions of epidermal hairs for increased absorption

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23
Q

Root apical meristem (RAM)

A

increases root length

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24
Q

root

A

is an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates and other reserves

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25
Q

primary root

A

originating in the embryo, is the first root (and the first organ) to emerge from a germinating seed

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26
Q

fibrous root system

A

a thick mat of slender roots spreading out below the soil surface
most monocots, the primary root dies early on and does not form a taproot.

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27
Q

prop roots

A

suport super tall trees

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28
Q

storage roots

A

store food and H20

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29
Q

pneumatophores

A

air roots on aquatic plants to obtain oxygen

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30
Q

green roots

A

photosynthetic roots in aerial plants

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31
Q

strangling aerial roots

A

anchor the plant in branches to the ground

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32
Q

Modified stems

A

horizontal stem- rhizomes
stolon- asexual runners
tubers- enlarged ends of rhizomes of stolons for food storage

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33
Q

modified leaves

A

spines- protection
storage leaves
reproduction leaves- cloning/ asexual reproduction
tendrils- climbing

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34
Q

stem

A

is an organ that raises and separates leaves, exposing them to sunlight

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35
Q

What are the types of tissue systems?

A

Dermal tissue system
Vascular tissue system
Ground tissue system (

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36
Q

Dermal tissue system

A

protective tissue layer

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37
Q

Epidermis

A

The dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells.

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38
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy, protective layer on stems and leaves

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39
Q

Periderm

A

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.

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40
Q

Guard cells

A

specialized epidermal cells for gas exchange

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41
Q

Trichomes

A

hairlike cells that reduce water loss, reflect excess light, defense

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42
Q

Vascular tissue system

A

transport tissue layer

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43
Q

What does the dermal system include?

A

Epidermis -> outermost cell layer
Cuticle -> waxy, protective layer on stems and leaves
Periderm->layer in woody plants that replaces the epidermis during secondary growth
Guard cells->gas exchange
Trichomes -> hairlike cells that reduce water loss, reflect excess light, defense

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44
Q

What are the different types of vascular system tissue?

A

Xylem -> water conducting tissue
Phloem -> transports photosynthates
Stele -> xylem + phloem

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45
Q

xylem

A

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant.

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46
Q

phloem

A

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

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47
Q

stele

A

The vascular tissue of a stem or root.

xylem + phloem

48
Q

Ground tissue system (

A

storage, support, and photosynthetic tissue layer)

49
Q

What are the types of ground tissue?

A

Pith -> internal to vascular tissue

Cortex -> external to vascular tissue

50
Q

pith

A

Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder.

51
Q

cortex

A

ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem.
external to vascular tissue

52
Q

Compare the stele in roots leaves and stems

A

in angiosperms, for , the root stele is a solid central vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem, whereas the stele of stems and leaves consists of vascular bundles, separate strands containing xylem and phloem

53
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

• Thin and flexible primary cell walls
• Lack secondary cell walls
• Large central vacuole
• Perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant
Can divide and differentiate to repair tissues
• Living cells

54
Q

Chlorenchyma

A

photosynthetic parenchyma

Some contain amyloplasts, which store starch

55
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

Grouped in strands, usually beneath the epidermis
Supportive function, flexible but not restrictive
Elongated cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls
Living cells

56
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A

Contain secondary cell walls composed of lignin Functionally dead at maturity
Very rigid, structural support

57
Q

What are the 2 types of Sclerenchyma cells?

A

function; support and strengthening

Sclerids -> irregular shaped (gritty texture in pears)
Fibres -> Long, slender strands, tapered (hemp fibres)

58
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in xylem tissue?

A

Tracheids

Vessel Elements

59
Q

Tracheids

A

Tubular, elongated cells with tapered ends
In the xylem of all vascular plants
Dead at maturity, thickened secondary cell walls of lignin
Water moves between cells via pits

60
Q

Vessel Elements

A

Wider, shorter elongated cells with less tapering
Aligned end-to-end with perforation plates
In the xylem of angiosperms, a few gymnosperms, and a few seedless vascular plants
Dead at maturity, thickened secondary cell walls of lignin

61
Q

pits

A

thinner parts where only primary cell wall is present in tracheids

62
Q

What are the 2 types of phloem cells?

A

Sieve-tube elements

Companion cells

63
Q

Sieve-tube elements

A

Alive, but lack a nucleus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, vacuole

Long, narrow cells connected by sieve plates

64
Q

Companion cells

A

Connected to the sieve-tube element
Non-conducting
Contains a nucleus and all organelles
Metabolic products are transferred from here to the sieve-tube element

65
Q

What is the major difference between plants and animals?

A

Growth is not limited to juvenile or embryonic stages

66
Q

Determinate growth

A

Some plant organs stop growing after a certain size
Similar to that of animals
leaves, thorns, and flowers

67
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Plants keep growing throughout their life due to meristems

ex- roots stems

68
Q

meristem

A

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.
containing cells that can divide, producing new cells that elongate and differentiate

69
Q

What are the 2 main meristems?

A

Apical meristems

Lateral meristems

70
Q

apical meristem

A

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots
The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length( primary growth)

71
Q

Lateral meristems

A

Enables secondary growth (increases girth, wideness)
A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems

72
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem to the organ

73
Q

Cork cambium

A

Replaces the epidermis with periderm in woody plants as it cracks and sloughs off

74
Q

Explain the difference between woody and non woody plants in terms of primary growth?

A

in nonwoody the entire plant consists of primary growth, whereas in woody plants, only the nonwoody, more recently formed parts of the plant are primary growth.

75
Q

root cap

A

protects the RAM from damage as the root elongates

76
Q

What are the 3 zones of division in primary growth?

A

Zone of Division
Zone of Elongation
Zone of Differentiation

77
Q

Zone of Division

A

Includes the stem cells/initials of the RAM

Produces new root cells, including cells in the root cap

78
Q

Zone of Elongation

A

Most of the “growing” region of the root
Cell elongation pushes the root tip further down into the soil
3 tissue systems begin to develop
3 primary meristems become evident

79
Q

Zone of Differentiation

A

Aka zone of maturation

• Cell differentiation into specific cell types

80
Q

protoderm

A

is the outmost primary meristem that will give rise to the epidermis

81
Q

ground meristem

A

Sandwiched between the protoderm and the procambium

gives rise to mature ground tissue.

82
Q

What does the ground tissue of roots consist of?

A

consisting mostly of parenchyma cells, is found in the cortex, the region between the vascular tissue and epidermis.

83
Q

endodermis,

A

Innermost layer of the cortex is the

, a cylinder 1 cell thick that is a selective barrier regulating movement of substances into the vascular stele

84
Q

procambium

A

gives rise to the vascular cylinder (stele)

85
Q

Pericycle

A

is the innermost layer of cells right inside of the endodermis
• Lateral roots arise from the pericycle
a solid core of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by a cell layer

86
Q

Compare the primary growth of roots in eudicots and monocots?

A

In most eudicot roots, the xylem has a star-like appearance in cross section, and the phloem occupies the indentations between the arms of the xylem “star”

  • root with xylem and phloem in the centre
  • vascular tissue in x shape
  • less thick endodermis
  • no pith

many monocot roots, the vascular tissue consists of a core of undifferentiated parenchyma cells surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem tissues

  • root with parenchyma in centre
  • vascular tissue in rings
  • thick endodermis (suberized)
  • pith present
87
Q

What are the 3 primary meristems in root and shoots?

A

protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium

88
Q

describe Primary growth in shoots

A

• The shoot is derived from the SAM, which is protected by the leaves of the apical bud
(Close together due to short internodes )

Shoot elongation is due to the lengthening of the internodes

SAM gives rise to the same primary meristems as the root

Branching arises from axillary buds (each with their own apical meristem)

• Plant hormones prevent buds close to the apical meristems from growing -> apical dominance

89
Q

apical dominance

A

Tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.

90
Q

What is the stem covered by?

A

covered by an epidermis containing a cuticle

91
Q

What tissues is ground tissue made up of?

A

mostly consists of parenchyma, with1-2 layers of collenchyma directly under the epidermis
• Sclerenchyma fibers may also be found to add additional structure and support

92
Q

Describe the vascular tissue in stems

A

Vascular tissue runs from the root vascular cylinder all the way up the stem in continuous bundles

93
Q

Compare the stems of monocots and eudicots

A

The vascular tissue of stems in most eudicot species consists of vascular bundles arranged in a ring
The xylem in each vascular bundle is adjacent to the pith, and the phloem in each bundle is adjacent to the cortex

In most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue rather than forming a ring
no pith

94
Q

leaf primordia

A

Leaves develop from this

projections shaped like a cow’s horns that emerge along the sides of the shoot apical meristem

95
Q

Protoderm in leaves

A

epidermis with a thick cuticle

96
Q

stomata

A

allow exchange of CO2 and O2 between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf.

major avenues for evaporative water loss
surrounded by guard cells
.

97
Q

mesophyll

A

• Ground meristem->gives rise to mesophyll(“middle leaf”)
Composed of specialized parenchyma cells called chlorenchyma
leaves specialized for photosynthesis

98
Q

Do leaves exhibit secondary growth

A

NO

99
Q

What are the 2 layers of mesophylls?

A

IN eudicots
Palisade mesophyll -> elongated parenchyma on the upper part of the lead
Spongy mesophyll -> loosely arranged parenchyma with large air spaces for movement of CO2/O2 gases

100
Q

bundle sheath

A

composed of parenchyma cells surrounds veins

101
Q

veins,

A

vascular bundles of the leaf) subdivide repeatedly and branch throughout the mesophyll.

102
Q

Describe Secondary growth

A

increases the plants girth (diameter) through the activity of lateral meristems
Occurs in all Gymnosperms, most Eudicots and a select few Monocot species (coconut and palm trees)
Occurs in roots and shoots, never leaves
• occurs simultaneously with primary growth in woody plants
• Primary growth adds leaves, increases height
• Secondary growth increases girth in the older regions (adds Wooddy tissue)

103
Q

Primary growth

A

Apical cells in the root/shoot tips are undifferentiated
When they divide, some daughter cells will remain in the meristematic region
Other daughter cells become partially differentiated into primary meristem cells (protoderm, ground, procambium)
Daughter cells from those will differentiate into cells in mature tissues
(direction of growth is top to bottom)

104
Q

Compare the growth of the vascular cambium and cork cambium in terms of direction?

A

Vascular cambium has both direction growth cork has only one direction

105
Q

Early wood

A

spring wood, xylem cells are large, with thin walls (amount of lignin is not that much)

106
Q

Late wood

A

summer wood, xylem cells smaller, thicker cell walls (more lignin)

107
Q

vascular rays

A

files of parenchyma cells(produced by vascular cambium) that connect secondary xylem and phloem and transports water between them, aids in wound repair(fill in gaps), and stores carbohydrates

108
Q

Bark

A

is composed of all the tissues exterior to the vascular cambium (if young it could still consist of

109
Q

Describe the process of secondary growth

A

1) Primary growth from the activity of the apical meristem is nearing completion and the vascular cambium has just formed
2) Although primary growth continues in the apical bud, only secondary growth occurs along the vascular cambium. The stem thickens as the vascular cambium forms secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside
3) Some of the initials of the vascular cambium give rise to vascular rays

4) As girth increases, secondary phloem can’t keep up with filling in the gaps. Eventually the epidermis ruptures and falls off. A cork cambium develops from the cortex parenchyma cells, producing cork cells
• Cork will replace the epidermis

5) In year 2 of secondary growth, the vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem and phloem. The cork cambium produces more cork cells
6) As girth increases, the outermost cork cells get sloughed off (just like the epidermis did)
7) If the cork cambium is lost during secondary growth, another one will form deeper in the cortex tissue to make more cork cells. If the cortex is eventually sloughed off, the cork cambium will arise from the secondary phloem tissue
8) Each cork cambium and the tissues is produces (cork) forms a layer of periderm (cork cell + cork cambium)
9) Bark is composed of all the tissues exterior to the vascular cambium (if young it could still consist of

110
Q

Thick rings

A

warms years, good climate

111
Q

Thin rings

A

less favourable climate

112
Q

growth ring

A

can be seen between the previous year’s late wood and the new year’s early wood

113
Q

Secondary xylem

A

towards inside of stem/root

Still composed of tracheids, vessel elements, fibres

114
Q

Secondary phloem

A

towards outside of stem/root

• Still composed of sieve-tube elements and companion cells

115
Q

Describe the role of the vascular cambium in secondary growth

A

responsible for the production of secondary vascular tissue
produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
• Appears as a ring of meristematic cells
• Secondary xylem
• Secondary phloem

As these cells divide, they increase the circumference of the vascular cambium and also add secondary xylem to the inside of the cambium and secondary phloem to the outside. Each ring is larger than the previous ring, increasing the diameter of roots and stems

116
Q

Lenticels

A

allow for gas exchange in the stems that have secondary growth

BIOLOGY 1030 (17 decks)

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