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Bio 186 > animal form and function pt 2 > Flashcards

animal form and function pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are regulators?

A

uses mechanisms of homeostasis to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuations ex. endotherms thermoregulate

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2
Q

what are conformers?

A

allows some conditions within its body to vary with cetiain external changes ex. spider crabs osmoconform

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3
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

management of the bodies water content and solute composition

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4
Q

What is osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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5
Q

what is molarity?

A

moles of solute/ volume of water

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6
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

osmoles of solute particcles/ volume

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7
Q

what is osmolality?

A

osmoles of solute/ KG

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8
Q

what is isosmotic with medium?

A

body fluids = same osmotic pressure as medium

most marine invertebrates

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9
Q

what is hyperosmotic?

A

osmotic concentration higher than medium

freshwater organisms

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10
Q

what is hypoosmotic?

A

osmotic concentration lower than medium

marine bony fish

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11
Q

What is an osmoconformer?

A

animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity because is it isoosmotic with its environment

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12
Q

Osmoregulator is what?

A

animal whose body fluid has a different osmolarity than that of the environment

anima

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13
Q

Osmoregulator

animals that live in a hypoosmotic environment must do what?

A

discharge exces water

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14
Q

Osmoregulator

animals that live in a hyperosmotic environment must do what?

A

take in water

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15
Q

Osmoregulator

how do Osmoregulator
control internal osmolarity?

A

expenditure of energy

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16
Q

Fresh water animals:

what are they?

A

osmoregulators

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17
Q

Fresh water animals:

how do they gain and lose water?

how do they regain

what do they excrete?

A

gain: osmosis and food
lose: salts by diffusion and in urin
regain: salts in food and by active uptake from surroundings

excrete large amounts of dilute urine

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18
Q

Water balance in the ocean:

most marine invertebrates are what?

A

osmoconformers

cnform to osmolarity of ocean but regulate internal ionic composition

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19
Q

Water balance in the ocean:

most marine vertebrates are what?

A

osmoregulator

lose water by osmosis

gain water and salt in food and drinking seawater

dispose of salt by active transport out of gills and in urine

produce small amounts of urine

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20
Q

Animals that move between fresh and salt water:

what are stenohaline?

what are euryhaline?

A

stenohaline: organisms that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity
euryhaline: organisms that CAN tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

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21
Q

water balance and waste disposal depends on what?

A

epithelia

animals regulate solute content of body fluid that bathes their cells

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22
Q

water balance and waste disposal:

transport epithelium is what?

A

layers of specialized cells that regulate solute movements

most important feature: ability to move specific solutes in controlled amounts in particular directions

cells joined by tight junctions

in most animals they are arranged into tubular networks with extensive surface area

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23
Q

what is an example of transport epithelia in osmoregulators?

A

nasal glands of marine birds remove excess sodium chloride from blood

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24
Q

What is anhydrobiosis?

A

“life without water” ability to survive in a dormant state when an organism’s habitat dries up

ex. tardigrade

25
what three elements make up the homeostatic system?
sensor- perceives change integrator- control center effector- brings about response
26
what are two types of control circits?
negative feedback- change counteracted (most common) positive feedback- change augmented
27
Alterations in homeostasis: regulated change is what?
in internal environment essential to normal body functions (ex. hormone shift in puberty)
28
Alterations in homeostasis: circadian rhythm is what?
physiological cycle of 24 hr in animals and plants persists even in absense of external cues
29
Alterations in homeostasis: acclimation
physiological adjustment to a change in a single environmental factor protein change in response to temp
30
Alterations in homeostasis: acclimatization
physiological adjustment to change in complex environmental factors ex. change in altitude and O2 level
31
Thermoregulation is what? what are the four physical processes that account for heat loss or gain?
regulation of body temp 1 conduction 2 convection 3 radiation 4 evaporation
32
What is evaporative cooling?
the property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state
33
Thermal stratagies: what are the two main ones?
tolerance : body temp is allowed to vary with ambient temperature regulation: body temp does not vary with ambient temp
34
based on the source of thermal energy what are the two classes?
Ectotherm - environment determines body temp Endotherm - animal generates internal heat to maintain body temp
35
Based on stability of body temp there are two classes what are they?
poikilotherm- variable body temp Homeotherm- stable body temp
36
What is the cost of ectothermy?
inability to physiologically regulate body temo restricted in geographical regions with appropriare ambient temp very limited time of high activity/energy bursts not as good at avoiding predators thought "flight"
37
What are the benifits of Ectothermy?
lower metabolic rates slower, low energy appoach to life require less food and water can function with much smaller body masses than endotherms
38
What are the costs to endothermy?
considerable metabolic cost; high rate requires consumption of large quantities of food and water very susceptible to dehydration in hot/dry climates only small amount of energy budgeted for growth and reproduction small body size is rare due to surface area constraints on heat loss
39
benefits of endothermy?
can sustain long period of intense activity enzymes function optimally in narrow range of body temps can be active at times of day or year that are too cold for ectotherms not limited to geographic areas more likely to survive weather fluctuations
40
Circulatory adaptations vasodilation is what? results in what? triggered by what?
increase in diameter of superficial blood vessels results in elevated blood flow in the skin triggered by nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel wall in endotherms, usually wams skin increasing the transfer of body heat to cool environment
41
Circulatory adaptations vasoconstriction is what?
decrease in the diameter of superficial vessels reduces blood flow and heat transfer
42
what are countercurrent heat exchangers?
special arrangement of blood vessels they facilitate heat transfer from arteries to veins help trap heat in the body core important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms
43
Examples of cooling by evaporation heat loss? behavioural responses?
sweating, panting, mucus secretion change in posture, or moving about environment
44
how do animals balance heat loss and gain?
insulation adaptation to circulatory system (vaso dilation/constriction) countercurrent heat exchange evaporative cooling behaviour
45
how to animals balance heat gain and loss?
adjust metabolic heat production producing heat high basal metabolic rate -production of large amounts of metabolic heat that replaces the flow of heat to the environment shivering thermogenesis - increase muscle activity--> increase heat production nonshivering thermogenesis - increase metabolic rate due to hormones - increase mitochondrial activity --> produce heat instead of ATP - brown fat specialized for rapid heat production temporary/ seasonal endothermy body size- large helps retain metabolic heat
46
What is the feedback mechanism in thermoregulation in mammals
hypothalamus functions as thermostat sensory cells signal to it when temp changes it will activate or inhibit different mechanisms
47
Bioenergetics of animals: animals are heterotrophs that harvest chemical energy from food ingested energy will be used for what?
work stored excreted released as heat
48
Bioenergetics of animals: heat production in animals is what?
usless for doing work useful for maintaining body temp
49
What is the metabolic rate?
amount of energy an animal uses in a unit time; sum of all the energy requiring biochemical reactions occuring over a given time interval
50
How can metabolic rate be mesured?
by monitoring an animals rate of heat loss O2 consumption CO2 production
51
What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
stable rate of energy metabolism measured in mammals and birds under conditions of minimum environmental and physiological stress
52
What is standard metabolic rate (SMB)
a measure that is similar to BMR but used for an animal with varying body temp that is maintained at a selected body temp in other words: an animals resting and fasting metabolism at a given body temp
53
Adjustment to changing temp and seasonal changes: acclimation and acclimatization?
production of stress induced proteins ex. heat shock proteins
54
Adjustment to changing temp and seasonal changes: acclimation and acclimatization in birds?
adjusting the amount of insulation varying the capacity for metabolic heat production
55
Adjustment to changing temp and seasonal changes: acclimation and acclimatization in ectotherms
adjustment at the cellular level production of cryoprotectants
56
What is Torpor?
physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
57
What is hibernation?
long-term torpor evolved as an adaptation to wonter cold and food scarcity ex. bears squirrels
58
What is estivation?
summer torpor also characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity ex. amphibians, fish interrbrates
59
who does daily torpor?
hummingbirds

Bio 186 (18 decks)

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