Animal Grouping coz I'm confused

Question 1

What animals are part of the phylum Porifera? Name some characteristics of this phylum.

Answer 1

Sponges!

Comprised of two cell layers: Epidermis and choanoderm which draw in food particles.

Contain amoebocytes which absorb nutrients.

Water is absorbed through porocytes, entering the spongocoel (central cavity)

The mesohyl (gelatinous cell layer) contains amoebocytes and spicules which help with maintaining structure and defense mechanisms

Sponges grow asymmetrically and are totipotent (cells will regenerate/change fate)

Are parazoans (no tissues)

Question 2

What animals are part of the phylum Cnidaria? Name some characteristics of this phylum.

Answer 2

Jellies, anemones, and corals!

Are diploblastic and radially symmetrical.

Contain:

Epidermis - outer layer of cells

Gastrodermis - inner layer of cells that lines digestive cavity

Mesoglea - non cellular jelly layer separating the epi and gastrodermis

Have two body shapes:

Polyp - more sessile, mouth facing up, aboral side will move animals, cylindrical
Medusa - move freely, mouth and tentacles facing down.

Question 3

What animals are part of the clade Anthozoa? Name some characteristics of this clade.

Answer 3

Anemones and corals!

Part of phylum Cnidaria.

Have polyp body shape (mouth facing up, aboral side moves animal, crawling, but more sessile)

Question 4

What animals are part of the phylum Echinodermata? Name some characteristics of this phylum.

Answer 4

Sea stars, cucumbers, urchins!

Triploblastic + deuterostomes.

Contain a water vascular system and tube feet which aid in locomotion. Works by water allowing feet to suction onto surface and pull them forward.

Adults : pentaradial symmetry
Larva : radial symmetry

Question 5

What are the 3 echinoderm clades and the animals contained in each clade?

Answer 5

Asteroidea - sea stars

Echinoidea - sand dollars, sea urchins

Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers

Question 6

Which phyla is segmentation present in?

Answer 6

Arthropoda, Annelida, Chordata

Question 7

What animals are part of the phylum Chordata? Name some characteristics of this phylum.

Answer 7

Fish, humans, dogs!

Bilaterian, triploblastic deuterostomes.

4 major characteristics present at some point:

• Notochord - provides strength + support
• Hollow dorsal nerve cord - develops into central nervous system
• Post anal tail - contains skeletal elements and muscles
• Pharyngeal gills - allows for movement of water and suspension feeding

3 clades :
- Cephalochordata
- Urochordata
- Vertebrata

Question 8

What are the 3 chordate clades and the animals + characteristics contained in each clade ?

Answer 8

Cephalochordata - Lancelets, most basal chordates, retain all chordate characteristics through life.

Urochordata - Tunicates, chordate characteristics only present in larval stage as they disappear during metamorphosis. Captures food with cilia and water exist through excurrent siphon.

Vertebrates - Dogs, humans, contain vertebrae and skulls. Contain the derived characteristics of - vertebrae enclosing spinal cord, elaborate skull and fin rays.

Question 9

What is the derived characteristic of the Gnathostomata clade and why is it thought to have developed?

Answer 9

Jaws thought to have developed from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits.

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the Osteichthyes clade and why are they thought to have developed?

Answer 10

Evolution of lungs and bone.

2 groups:

Ray finned fishes (bony fins):
- flexible rays used for manouvering and defense

Lobe finned fishes (muscular fins):
- lungfishes and tetrapods

Question 11

What are tetrapods and some characteristics?

Answer 11

Gnathostomes that have limbs instead of fins.

Head is separated from body by neck, pelvis is fused to backbone, and adults don’t have gills.

Question 12

Describe characteristics of frogs.

Answer 12

• Most live on land
• Larval stage is aquatic with gills
• Variety of adaptations to avoid predation

Question 13

Describe characteristics of salamanders.

Answer 13

• Some entirely aquatic, some live on land
• Oft retain juvenile characteristics as adults
• External fertilization

Question 14

What is the derived characteristic of the Amnion clade and why is it thought to have developed? What animals are included?

Answer 14

Reptiles and mammals!

Derived character is the amniotic egg with 4 extraembryonic membranes.

Allows for eggs to be laid on land, therefore water is not required.

Question 15

What are the 4 parts of the amniotic eggs and their function?

Answer 15

1. Amnion - shock absorber
2. Chorion - allows for gas exchange
3. Yolk sac - provides nutrients
4. Allantois - waste storage

Question 16

What animals are part of the clade Lophotrochozoa? Name some characteristics of this clade.

Answer 16

Flatworms, mollusks, annelids, etc.

Most diverse range of body forms!

Contain a lophophore feeding structure and many have the trochophore larval form.

Are bilaterian animals that grow continuously

Question 17

What animals are part of the phylum Mollusca? Name some characteristics of this phylum. Name some classes of this phylum.

Answer 17

Clams, octopus, snails, chitons.

Muscular foot - used for digging, movement and prey capture.

Mantle - a water filled chamber w gills, anus and excretory pores. Is where the shell comes form

Radula - Captures food like a tongue

Visceral Mass - houses internal organs, pushed in due to large foot

4 classes - Gastropods, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Cephalopoda

Question 18

What are some animals that are a part of the Mollusca clade Gastropods? Some characteristics?

Answer 18

Snails, slugs!

Have a one piece shell and use radula to eat.

Question 19

What are some animals that are a part of the Mollusca clade Bivalvia? Some characteristics?

Answer 19

Clams, mussels, oysters!

• 2 piece shell
• No distinct head
• Sedimentary lifestyle (can’t rly move)
• Suspension feeders

Question 20

What are some animals that are a part of the Mollusca clade Polyplacophora? Some characteristics?

Answer 20

Chitons!

• Have a many piece shell
• Scrape algae off rocks

Question 21

What are some animals that are a part of the Mollusca clade Cephalopoda? Some characteristics?

Answer 21

Octopus, squid, cuttlefish!

• Very smart
• Use camouflage
• Use tentacles to capture prey

Question 22

What animals are part of the phylum Annelida? Name some characteristics of this phylum. Name some classes of this phylum.

Answer 22

Segmented worms!

• Organs are compartmentalized (has pair/section)
• Live in water/damp soil
• Trochophore larval stage

Question 23

What are some animals that are a part of the Annelid clade Errantia? Some characteristics?

Answer 23

Scale worms!

• Very active, segmented mostly marine worms
• Have parapodia and palps (the little whiskers) for locomotion

Question 24

What are some animals that are a part of the Annelid clade Sedentaria? Some characteristics?

Answer 24

Earthworms, leeches, tubeworms!

• Less active segmented worms.
• Live in marine sediment or soil
• Can have gills if living in tubes

Question 25

What animals are part of the phylum Brachiopoda? Name some characteristics of this phylum. Name some classes of this phylum.

Answer 25

Lamp shells! - Lophophore as feeding structure instead of muscular foot, no trochophore larvae. - 2 halves are dorsal and ventral, not lateral, meaning right and left side are symmetrical. - Has two muscles, as one opens, the other closes.

Question 26

What are some characteristics that are a part of the Brachiopod clade Inarticulata?

Answer 26

- Small/no hinge - Complete gut with mouth, intestinal tract and anus

Question 27

What are some characteristics that are a part of the Brachiopod clade Articulata?

Answer 27

- Large hinge - Incomplete gut, so food comes in through mouth, gets processed, and leaves through mouth again. - Intestine protrudes out of back of shell

Question 28

What animals are part of the phylum Platyhelminthes? Name some characteristics of this phylum. Name some classes of this phylum.

Answer 28

Flatworms! - Have rudimentary cephalization (sensitive "light spots") - Evolutionarily lost their complete gut, so they have an incomplete gut. - Live in marine/fresh water or terrestrial environments. - Parasitic and free living - Acoelomates (derived) - Gas exchange occurs through skin. 3 groups: Turbellarian, Trematoda, Cestoda

Question 29

What are some characteristics that are a part of the Platyhelminth clade Neodermata?

Answer 29

2 Classes: Parasitic trematodes/flukes: - Live on or inside other organisms - Can cause swimmers itch Cestodes: - Tapeworms that live in intestines of organism - Lost gastrovascular cavity over evolution - Can grow up to 20 meters

Question 30

What animals are part of the clade Ecdysozoa? Name some characteristics of this clade.

Answer 30

Arthropods and Nematodes! - Tough cuticle - Have periodic molting where they shed exoskeleton - Allowing for stepwise growth

Question 31

What are some characteristics that are a part of the phylum Neodermata?

Answer 31

Round worms! - Have a cuticle that sheds - Pseudocoelomate body structure, therefore mesoderm does not cover gut - Free living and parasitic lifestyles - Most common animal on earth

Question 32

What is the most important model organism in research?

Answer 32

C. elegans! Because: Small, easy to grow, sequenced genome, simple body form, lots known about it

Question 33

What animals are part of the phylum Arthropoda? Name some characteristics of this phylum. Name some classes of this phylum.

Answer 33

Scorpions, spiders! - Segmented body - Hard exoskeleton - body covered by cuticle made of chitin and proteins - Jointed appendages - used for walking, defense (claws), fangs, and antenna for sensation - Has tagmata (segments grouped together) - Open circulatory system (hemolymph instead of blood) Clades Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Pancrustecea,

Question 34

What are some characteristics and animals that are a part of the Arthropod clade Chelicerata?

Answer 34

2 groups: Arachnids - spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites Eurypterids - horseshoe crabs, sea spiders - No antennae due to sensitive eyes - Open circulatory system (hemolymph, no veins to bring blood back to heart)

Question 35

Describe the general body plan of arachnids.

Answer 35

Have an abdomen and cephalothorax (two tagmata): - Posterior abdomen contains heart, reproductive structures, digestive system, poison and silk glands. Have 6 pairs of appendages: - Chelicerae - Pedipalps - 4 pairs of walking legs

Question 36

What are some characteristics and animals that are a part of the Arthropod clade Myriapoda?

Answer 36

Centipedes - 1 pair of legs per segment, carnivorous Millipedes - 2 pairs of legs per segment, herbivorous

Question 37

What are some that are a part of the Arthropod clade Pancrustacea?

Answer 37

Crustaceans and insects!

Question 38

What are some animals and characteristics that are a part of the clade Crustacea?

Answer 38

Lobster, barnacles, etc Paraphyletic group! 2 tagmata: Cephalothorax - many antennae, cheliped (claws), walking legs. Abdomen/tail - muscular

Question 39

What are some animals and characteristics that are a part of the clade Crustacea?

Answer 39

Insects! - Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and fresh water - Undergo either incomplete or complete metamorphosis (larvae to adult) - Light weight, chitinous exoskeleton, of which wings are extension of. - Thorax contains wings

Question 40

Which 4 Hexapoda clades undergo complete metamorphosis?

Answer 40

Beetles, flies, wasps and bees, moths