Unit 02: Animal Diversity

Question 1

List the heterotrophs.

Answer 1

Animals, fungi

Question 2

What type of lifecycle do animals go through?

Answer 2

Diplontic

Question 3

What is the outmost germ layer?

Answer 3

Ectoderm

Question 4

What is the innermost germ layer?

Answer 4

Endotherm

Question 5

What organisms have a third germ layer and what is it called?

Answer 5

Bilaterally symmetrical animals, also known as triploblasts. Called the mesoderm.

Question 6

What two groupings of eukaryotes evolved from the most ancient ancestor?

Answer 6

Parazoa and Eumetazoa, no membrane and yes membrane.

Question 7

What group is the most common ancestor of animals shared with?

Answer 7

Choanoflagellates

Question 8

What is the earliest descendant of animals?

Answer 8

Phyla Porifera, also known as sponges.

Question 9

What phylum is Parazoa?

Answer 9

Porifera, as they have no tissues and no radial symmetry.

Question 10

What phylum did radial symmetry evolve from?

Answer 10

Cnidaria

Question 11

In what type of animals does the blastula folding in result in the development of the mouth first.

Answer 11

Protostomes.

Question 12

In what type of animals does the blastula folding in result in the development of the anus first.

Answer 12

Deuterostomes

Question 13

What is the difference between triploblastic and diploblastic animals?

Answer 13

The presence of the mesoderm (present in triploblastic animals)

Question 14

What are the two basic body shapes of the Cnidaria phylum?

Answer 14

Polyp and medusa

Question 15

What are some characteristics of the polyp body shape?

Answer 15

• Cylindrical body
• Mouth facing up
• Aboral side moves body

Question 16

What are some characteristics of the medusa body shape?

Answer 16

• Mouth and tentacles point downwards
• Moves freely in water

Question 17

What animals have a polyp body shape?

Answer 17

Anemone and corals, also called the Anthozoan clade within the phylum Cnidaria

Question 18

What animals have a medusa body shape?

Answer 18

Jellyfish and hydrozoans, also called the Medusozoan clade within the phylum Cnidaria

Question 19

What germ layer forms the digestive tract, liver and lungs?

Answer 19

Endoderm

Question 20

What type of evolution are grades evidence for?

Answer 20

Convergent

Question 21

What is the difference between eucoelomates, pseudocoelomates and acoelomates

Answer 21

Eu - Cavity lined with mesoderm
Pseudo - Cavity partly lined by mesoderm
A - Cavities not completely formed, therefore no space between layers.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of bilateral symmetry?

Answer 22

• Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) sides
• Right and left side
• Anterior and posterior ends
• Cephalization

Question 23

What is cephalization?

Answer 23

Concentration of sensory nerves at an anterior end of the body.

Question 24

What type of evolution do clades provide evidence for?

Answer 24

Divergent

Question 25

What does the mesoderm end up forming?

Answer 25

Muscles and most inner organs

Question 26

Does cephalization occur in radially or bilaterally symmetric animals?

Answer 26

Bilaterally symmetrical

Question 27

What are some animals in phylum Echinodermata and some key characteristics?

Answer 27

Starfish, sea urchins Characteristics: Water-vascular system, tube feet, pentaradial symmetry

Question 28

What are the echinoderm clades and what species are a part of each clade?

Answer 28

Asteroidea - starfish Echinoidea - Sea urchins, sand dollars Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers

Question 29

What is segmentation? In what phyla does segmentation occur?

Answer 29

Body made of identical repeating units. Occurs in Chordates, Annelida and Arthropoda

Question 30

What are the three major clades of chordates?

Answer 30

Vertebrata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata

Question 31

What are the four major characteristics of chordates?

Answer 31

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, phalangeal gills/slits, post-anal tail

Question 32

What are the most basal chordates?

Answer 32

Clade Cephalochordata

Question 33

Describe the chordate characteristics present in embryonic tunics (Urochordata) VS. mature

Answer 33

Embryonic - has all characteristics Mature - only retains gills

Question 34

What derived characteristics do the clade Vertebrata have?

Answer 34

Vertebrae enclosing spinal cord, elaborate skulls, and fin rays

Question 35

What are the most basal vertebrates?

Answer 35

Jawless fish, ex. lampreys and hagfish

Question 36

Why are jaws hypothesized to have evolved?

Answer 36

To support pharyngeal slits

Question 37

What is the derived character of the Gnathostomata clade? What animals does it include?

Answer 37

Jaws Sharks, ray finned fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Question 38

What animals make up the Osteichthyes clade?

Answer 38

All fishes with jaws. Ray finned fishes + lobe finned fishes

Question 39

What type of fish did tetrapods evolve from?

Answer 39

Lobe finned fishes

Question 40

The clade amniota includes what animals?

Answer 40

Mammals, reptiles and birds

Question 41

What is the derived character of the clade amniota?

Answer 41

Amniotic egg with 4 extraembryonic membranes.

Question 42

What are the 4 membranes of the amniotic egg and their functions?

Answer 42

Amnion - Shock Absorber Chorion - Gas Exchange Yolk Sac - Provides Nutrients Allantois - Waste Storage

Question 43

What are the 2 derived characters of mammals?

Answer 43

Hair and production of milk.

Question 44

What are the three clades of mammals?

Answer 44

Monotremes, marsupials, and eutherials.

Question 45

What differentiates monotremes from other mammals?

Answer 45

They lay eggs

Question 46

What differentiates marsupials from eutherials?

Answer 46

Marsupials have shorter digestive stage where "joey" crawls into mothers pouch to continue development. Eutherials have a longer gestation period, baby comes out more developed.

Question 47

What animal clade has the widest range of body forms?

Answer 47

Lophotrochozoa

Question 48

List the common structures of the phylum Mollusca and their functions.

Answer 48

Muscular foot - Movement, prey capture Mantle - Water filled space with gills, anus, execratory pores. Produces shell. Radula - Tongue-like, captures food Visceral Mass - Holds internal organs

Question 49

What are the 4 molluscan clades?

Answer 49

Gastropods - snails, slugs Bivalvia - clams, oysters Polyplacophora - many piece shells Cephalopoda - squids, octopus

Question 50

Describe cleavage in protostome development

Answer 50

Spiral and determinate

Question 51

Describe cleavage in deuterostome development

Answer 51

Radial and indeterminate. Cell divisions at right angles to each other.

Question 52

What type of animals are in phylum Annelida?

Answer 52

Segmented worms

Question 53

What are the two clades of phylum Annelida and what are their differences?

Answer 53

Errantia - Mobile segmented worms. Have whisker like structures called parapodia that help with locomotion. Mostly marine Sedentaria - Less mobile segmented worms (earth worm, leeches, etc.). Can be marine or sedimentary.

Question 54

Describe some characteristics of phylum Brachiopoda.

Answer 54

- Attached to the sea floor. - Right and left sides are symmetrical.

Question 55

What are the differences between Brachiopoda clade Inarticulata and Articulata?

Answer 55

Inarticulata - Small/ no hinge, complete gut Articulata - Large hinge, incomplete gut (poop comes thru mouth)

Question 56

What are Unikonts? What are some organisms that fall into this group?

Answer 56

One of four Eukarya supergroups. Contains animals, fungi, slime molds, choanoflagellates. Split into 2 clades, Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

Question 57

What are some organisms included in the clade Amoebozoans within the Unikonta supergroup.

Answer 57

Slime moulds, amoeba

Question 58

What are some organisms included in the clade Opisthokonts within the Unikonta supergroup.

Answer 58

Animals, fungi, choanoflagellates

Question 59

Describe characteristics of the Phylum Porifera and list some organisms belonging to the phylum.

Answer 59

Sponges with no true tissues, therefore parazoans. Asymmetrical, and thought to be the most basal phylum of animals. They are totipotent, meaning they will regenerate any of their cells/change one type of cell into another.

Question 60

Describe characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria and list some organisms belonging to the phylum.

Answer 60

Dipoblastic, radially symmetrical organisms. Tissue layers are thought to have evolved from Cnidaria. Two body shapes - Polyp - more sessile with mouth facing up. ex. anemones and corals Medusa - mouth down, can move freely in water. ex. jellyfish and hydrozoans