Animal Health and Diseases

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

a deviation from normal health in which there are marked physiological, anatomical, or chemical changes in the animal’s body

Question 2

Noninfectious disease

Answer 2

result from injury, genetic abnormalities, ingestion of toxic materials, and poor nutrition
ex.) plant poisoning, bloat, mineral deficiencies, mulefoot

Question 3

Infectious diseases

Answer 3

diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa
ex.) brucellosis, ringworm, flu, leptospirosis

Question 4

Contagious diseases

Answer 4

diseases that are transmitted by the passage of an infectious agent from one animal to another
-not all infectious diseases are contagious
ex.) ringworm is an infectious contagious disease; tetanus is an infectious noncontagious disease

Question 5

Zooanotic

Answer 5

diseases transferrable to humans from animals or animals to humans

Question 6

Direct transmission

Answer 6

the transfer of disease from one animal to another (most common)

Question 7

Indirect transmission

Answer 7

the transfer of disease to animals by exposure to infected objects (non-living objects)
ex.) fomites, boots, scales, trucks, gates, water buckets, feeders

Question 8

Vector-borne transmission

Answer 8

the transfer of disease to an animal by another animal or organism
ex.) rats, dogs, flies, humans, west nile, mosquitoes, cats, mice

Question 9

Biological drugs

Answer 9

primarily used to prevent diseases and stimulate immunity against specific diseases such as a vaccine.
-stimulate the body’s immune system to produce antibodies that fight diseases
-needed to maintain herd health

Question 10

Vaccines

Answer 10

the amount of vaccine, frequency, route of administration, and duration of immunity vary with specific vaccines
-periodic revaccination is often needed to maintain circulating antibodies at an adequate level
ex.) blackleg, overeating, and tetanus vaccines

Question 11

Pharmaceuticals

Answer 11

used mainly to treat diseases and are specific for their intended purpose and effectiveness
-available as boluses, liquids, feed additives, and powders
-route of administration, dosage and frequency of dosage achieve and maintain adequate levels of the active drug
-capable of killing bacteria

Question 12

Topical medication

Answer 12

applied to the skin or to the mucous membranes of the eye, ear, or nasal passages
-can be ointments, aqueous solutions, powders, or aerosols
ex.) pour-on dewormers and baths

Question 13

Oral medication

Answer 13

given through the mouth by feeding, drenching, and using a balling gun
-animal must be eating for the drug to be palatable
-typically used feeding or watering with poultry

Question 14

Drenching

Answer 14

a method for giving animals liquid oral meds
-typically used with cattle, sheep, and goats

Question 15

Balling guns

Answer 15

used to give oral meds as boluses, capsules, and tablets
-for a tablet - typically for cattle, sheep, and goats

Question 16

Injection

Answer 16

drug is administered directly into the animals body with a needle and syringe
-act rapidly and are utilized more efficiently and frequently act longer

Question 17

Subcutaneous injections (SQ)

Answer 17

injections given beneath the skin layer but on top of the muscle layer
-Cattle and horses = side of neck
-Sheep, goats, swine = front leg in the flank
-Ear injections for clostridial injections (for blackleg)

Question 18

Intramuscular injections (IM)

Answer 18

injections given directly into a major muscle mass allowing for rapid absorption
-avoid injecting in high value cuts
-sheep, goats, swine, cattle = inject in neck not to lower value

Question 19

Intravenous injections (IV)

Answer 19

given directly into the lumen of a blood vessel
-useful when large volumes must be given and when the drug must be rapidly available to the body or it may irritate tissues
-common to treat milk fever

Question 20

Intraperitoneal injections (IP)

Answer 20

a drug given into the peritoneal cavity
-rare
-care must be taken to avoid the intestine
-not recommended for horses

Question 21

Intramammary infusion (IMI)

Answer 21

insert a cannula into the teat canal and injecting the drug into the milk cistern (most likely for mastitis)

Question 22

Subconjunctival injections

Answer 22

given by injecting a drug beneath the conjunctiva of the eye
-mainly used to treat pink eye (common in cattle)

Question 23

Body temperature

Answer 23

a vital sign with little fluctuations of the body temperature in domestic animals
-temperature is taken rectally
-poultry has very high temps

Question 24

Pulse

Answer 24

a surge of blood through the arteries following the contraction of the heart ventricles, closely related to the heart rate
-cattle = underside of the tail 6 in. down from the tailhead
-horses = facial artery where it crosses the underside of the jawbone
-sheep and goats = femoral artery about 1/3 way down on the inside of the rear leg
-pulse cannot be felt in pigs

Question 25

Respiration

Answer 25

the act of breathing
-can be determined by counting the contractions of the rib cage or holding a hand near the nostril where one can feel exhaled air

Question 26

External parasites

Answer 26

live outside of the host and transmit diseases and are a constant source of irritation that is not deadly but can impact production like milk, reduced gains, and reduced growth rate

Question 27

Lice

Answer 27

-spend their entire life cycle on the host
-feed off blood of host
-transmitted from one animal to the other by contact
-are specie specific
-symptoms = rubbing on feeders, gates, fences
-usually a bigger problem in winter months (looking for warm areas)
-very heavy lice loads can lead to anemia

Question 28

Horn flies

Answer 28

-1/8 in long
-biting flies
-appear in the spring and continue until fall
-feed on the backs of animals (usually cattle)
-can carry e-coli, PRRS, EIA

Question 29

Face flies

Answer 29

-do not bite
-same size as a house fly
-cluster around the herd, irritating eyes

Question 30

Horse flies and deer flies

Answer 30

-feed off blood
-large

Question 31

Cattle grubs

Answer 31

-the larvae of heel flies
-lay eggs on the lower legs of cattle in late spring to early summer
-newly emerged larvae crawl to the base of the stairs and penetrate through the host’s skin
-may migrate by burrowing through the connection tissue for 4-6 months
-in spring the larvae cut a small hole in the skin on hosts back
-once development is complete they will back out of the holes and drop to the ground to transform into an adult fly (typically in spring)
-Symptoms = weight loss, reduced gains, decreased milk production
-damages tissue and hide

Question 32

Sheep ticks

Answer 32

-brown hairy flies that look similar to a tick
-live entire life in the wool of sheep
-found along side the neck, shoulders, and stomach
-bites are very uncomfortable
-heavy infestations can cause emaciation and lead to secondary infections
1. feed on blood vessels near the base of wool
2. transmission b/w sheep via direct contact
3. spread blue tongue
4. leads to “back loss” gets stuck on their back putting all their weight on their diaphragm (cannot breath and die)

Question 33

Internal parasites

Answer 33

-reduce gains, reduce production, and increase cost
-significant problem to grazing livestock and poultry
-pastures that are heavily stocked have a higher parasite burden
-younger animals have more than older animals

Question 34

Liver flukes

Answer 34

-found in the bile duct of the house
1. eggs are laid in the duct and expelled with feces
2. snails eat eggs and become infected
3. flukes reproduce asexually and snail passes juvenile liver fluke
4. the flukes leave the snail and stay on vegetation
5. eats the liver fluke on grass

Question 35

Large roundworms (ascarids)

Answer 35

1. eggs shed in feces
2. egg consumed
3. hatches in the GI tract
4. larvae penetrates intestinal wall and enters blood stream
5. goes to the liver
6. goes to the lungs (spends 4-5 days)
7. cough larvae up
8. reswallow the larvae
9. back to GI tract where it becomes an dult
10. sheds eggs in feces
    -Symptoms = coughing, rough hair coat, poor growth , weight loss

Question 36

Tapeworms

Answer 36

1. eggs shed in feces
2. forage mites consume the egg
3. animals eat the mites
4. egg hatches, larvae develop
   -can break off and regrow
   -symptoms = poor growth, lethargy, rough hair coat, and poor performance

Question 37

Ringworm

Answer 37

-skin condition caused by a range of species of dermatophyllic fungi.
-most domestic animals have a specific form of the disease caused by their own targeted fungus
-capable of jumping species and producing the disease
-first appears as thick, red, weeping and later will change into crusty reddish-brown scaly skin
-seen usually on face, neck and back
-zooanotic

Question 38

Bloat

Answer 38

-occurs in ruminants when there is an excessive accumulation of gas in the rumen
-trapped gas forms a foam in the rumen which further prevents elimination of gas
-factors that cause bloat = forages, amount of intake, rate of intake, inherited tendency
-Symptoms = distension of the left side, stomping feet, kicking at stomach, labored breathing
-Treatment - stomach tube or trocar and cannula to relieve gas