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ASC382 Exam 2 > Beef Cattle > Flashcards

Beef Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

British breed traits

A

-smaller in mature size
-reach mature weight earlier
-less growth potential
-excel in fertility and calving ease
-higher quality grades
-carcasses with lower % of saleable product

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2
Q

British breeds

A

shorthorn, angus, hereford, belted galloway, highland

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3
Q

Continental breed traits

A

-larger in mature size
-later maturing
-carcasses with less fat and a higher % of saleable product
-lower quality grades

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4
Q

Continental breeds

A

charolais, simmental, limousin, maine-anjou

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5
Q

American breed traits

A

combine the desirable traits of two or more breeds in one package
-usually crossed with a Brahma
-“composite” or “synthetic” breeds

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6
Q

American breeds

A

santa gertrudis, brangus, beefmaster

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7
Q

Maternal breed traits

A

known for their milk production and mothering ability

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8
Q

Maternal breeds

A

angus, brahman, santa gertrudis, brangus, hereford
-mostly british breeds

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9
Q

Paternal or Terminal breed traits

A

known for their growth and meat producing ability

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10
Q

Paternal or Terminal breeds

A

simmental, limousin, maine-anjous, charolais
-mainly continental breeds

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11
Q

Dual-purpose breeds

A

known for both meat and milk production
-shorthorn, gelbvieh
-not common in US

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12
Q

Cow-calf operation

A

commercial cow-calf producers with a permanent herd of cows that produce calves for sale or replacement bulls and heifers

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13
Q

Cow-calf operation feeds

A

mainly rely on forages (grass and hay)

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14
Q

Types of sale

A

-public auction
-online auction
-direct sales
-retained ownership

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15
Q

Profitability factors of cow-calf operation

A

-calf crop percentage weaned
-average weight of calves at weaning
-annual cow cost

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16
Q

What do cow-calf producers monitor

A

-body conditions scores
-vaccinations
-deworming
-maintaining production records

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17
Q

Creep feeding

A

when cow-calf operations provide supplement feed to calves prior to weaning

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18
Q

What age are calves weaned

A

205 days

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19
Q

Preconditioning calves before selling includes

A

-weaning the calves ~6 weeks (45 days) before sale time
-starting them on feed
-castrating
-dehorning
-vaccinating
-deworming
-sometimes implanting growth hormones
(bunk training)

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20
Q

Stocker operation (backgrounders)

A

feed cattle for growth prior to their going into a feedlot for finishing

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21
Q

What do stocker operations feed

A

forages and high-roughage feeds (grass, crop residues, wheat pasture, silage)

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22
Q

What kind of cattle are desirable for feed lots?

A

early-maturing cattle

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23
Q

What kind of cattle go straight to feedlots after weaning?

A

larger framed, later maturing cattle are usually more efficient and profitable if they go directly after weaning

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24
Q

How long do calves stay at stocker operations?

A

~150-200 days

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25
Q

How much do calves weigh after stocker operations?

A

~600-850 lbs.

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26
Q

Where are most stocker operations located?

A

the east - WV, KY, TN

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27
Q

What diseases/problems do calves in stocker operations run into?

A

-fatigue
-hunger
-thirst
-exposure to multiple diseases
-shipping fever

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28
Q

Feedlot operations

A

cattle are fed in small pens or fenced areas where harvested feeds are brought to them (only a small % of beef cattle are finished on pasture in the US)

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29
Q

What kind of cattle do feedlots prefer to buy?

A

-cattle with compensatory gain
-thin and relatively old for their weight
-have been grown out on a low-quality feed

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30
Q

Are heifers or steers priced lower?

A

heifers

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31
Q

What do feedlots feed?

A

high concentrate diet

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32
Q

What is market weight?

A

1,200-1,400 lbs.

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33
Q

How are most beef cattle bred in the US?

A

natural service (only some are bred with A.I)

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34
Q

What kind of estrus are cows?

A

polyestrus (non-seasonal)

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35
Q

When do most cow-calf producers breed for?

A

fall or spring calves

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36
Q

At what age do bulls reach puberty?

A

8 months

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37
Q

At what age do heifers reach puberty?

A

10-14 months

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38
Q

When should heifers first be bred?

A

around 12-14 months to calve at around 2 years old

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39
Q

How long is the cow’s estrous cycle?

A

21 days

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40
Q

How long is a cow in heat?

A

12-20 hours

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41
Q

Signs of heat

A

-standing to be mounted
-mounting other cows
-being highly vocal
-nervousness
-mucous discharge from the vulva

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42
Q

KMar patches

A

heat patches glued to the female’s tailhead that is black and when a cow if ridden it turns red

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43
Q

Dystocia

A

difficulty calving

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44
Q

How long is gestation?

A

283 days

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45
Q

What is the primary cause of calving difficulty?

A

birth weight

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46
Q

How are calves born normally? (position wise)

A

front legs first, followed by the head

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47
Q

Spring calving season

A

March 1 - May 1

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48
Q

When are cows exposed to the bull for spring calving season?

A

May 20 - July 20

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49
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of spring calving?

A

Advantages = ample forages
Disadvantages = weather and flooded market

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50
Q

Fall calving season

A

September 1 - November 1

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51
Q

When are cows exposed to the bull for fall calving?

A

December 20 - February 20

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52
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of fall calving?

A

Advantages = weather, less calves in market (price increase)
Disadvantages = access to forages

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53
Q

How long should a cow and her calf be left in the calving pasture or maternity pen?

A

one to three days after calving

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54
Q

Tattoo identification

A

-permanent
-done on inside of ears
-done when young

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55
Q

Ear tag identification

A

-an economical means of temporary identification
-can be read from a distance
-can break or get lost - should be used with another mode of permanent identification
-most popular method

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56
Q

Brand identification

A

-hot-iron or freeze branding
-on hip, rib, quarter, or shoulder
-de-values the hyde
-permanent
-can be read from a distance

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57
Q

Chemical dehorner

A

-calves younger than 2 weeks
-takes 1-2 weeks to work
-clip off end of horn button or nick skin if horn is not exposed
-apply ring of petroleum jelly
-apply chemical - targets and kills horn producing cells

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58
Q

Why dehorn calves?

A

-reduces carcass value
-reduces milk production

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59
Q

Electric/hot iron dehorner

A

-under 4 weeks of age
-apply at horn button until ring of copper colored hyde appears at horn base
-uses bell-shaped electric dehorner or hot-iron
-to remove horns less than 3/4 in. long

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60
Q

Spoon, tube, or knife

A

-less than 60 days old
-less than 1-1.5 in horn
-involves cutting out and removing the small horn button
1. clean horn and surrounding area
2. place cutting edge on the skin
3. push and twist each way until skin has been cut

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61
Q

Barnes-type dehorners

A

-4-12 months of age
-lifts the horns out by the roots and crushes the blood vessels (little bleeding occurs)
1. place dehorner over the horn and against the skull
2. spread handles apart quickly
3. treat with antiseptic spray
-may need vet involvement

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62
Q

Why are bulls castrated?

A

-bulls are usually discounted at market
-steer give more tender, color, and juicy beef

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63
Q

When should bulls be castrated?

A

less than 3 months of age

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64
Q

Emasculatome

A

-preferred method
-non-surgical
-no concerns of open wound or infection
-clamps and destroys the spermatacord
-testes shrink but usually do not fall off

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65
Q

Elastrator

A

-done prior to 1 month old
-rubber band tightens and cuts off blood circulation, kills and shrinks the area until it falls off

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66
Q

Growth-stimulating compounds

A

-implanted subcutaneously in the ear
-naturally occurring hormone or synthetic hormone that acts like a natural hormone
-released into the bloodstream in small but continuous amounts
-increase the deposition of protein, in the form of muscle
-increase AGD and FE
-hormones are estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone

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67
Q

Body condition scoring (BCS)

A

-a system that uses numeric score to estimate the body energy reserves in the cow
-range from 1-9
-ideal score is 5-7

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68
Q

Thin condition (BCS 1-4) problems

A

-failure to cycle
-failure to conceive
-increased calving interval
-increase days to estrus
-decreased calf vigor

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69
Q

Fat condition (BCS 8-9) problems

A

-costly to maintain
-increased dystocia
-impaired mobility
-failure to cycle
-failure to conceive

70
Q

Body condition score 1

A

-severely emaciated
-no fat detectable
-visible and palpable space between the spinous process of the vertebrae
-tailhead is prominent
-all ribs and entire bone structure is visible
-severe muscle loss in shoulders, loins, and hindquarters
-animal appears lethargic and weak

71
Q

Body condition score 2

A

-poor or very thin
-slightly more palpable tissue over the spinous processes
-spinous processes still appear to have space between them
-tailhead is slightly less prominent to the eye
-ribs are slightly less visible but lacking fat cover
-muscle loss in shoulders, loins, and hindquarters
-animal is still emaciated but not as weak

72
Q

Body condition score 3

A

-thin
-slight fat cover beginning to appear on spinous processes
-each rib is visible but less hard when palpated
-slight fat cover over tailhead
-some slight muscle loss in shoulders, loins, and hindquarters

73
Q

Body condition score 4

A

-borderline or slightly thin
-individual spinous processes are no longer visible
-only the rear 2-4 ribs can be seen
-hipbones are still obvious to the eye
-fat cover on edge of loins and shoulders
-muscle appears full but flat in hindquarters

74
Q

Body condition score 5

A

-moderate
-looks good, healthy, finished, “just right”
-last two ribs are obvious to the eye
-fat cover over the shoulders, foreribs, and loins
-fat cover is “springy” over the ribs
-tailhead has fat cover on either side but its not mounded
-no fat in the brisket
-very little fat over the hooks and pins

75
Q

Body condition score 6

A

-moderate or slightly fleshy
-all ribs fat covered, none are visible
-hindquarters becoming plump, full, and slightly rounded
-considerable fat cover on tailhead
-some fat in the brisket
-obvious fat covering the loins, shoulders, and foreribs

76
Q

Body condition score 7

A

-good or fleshy
-cow appears smooth due to fat
-tailhead has “pones” of fat on each side
-fat is filling brisket and flanks
-considerable fat covering the shoulder, loins, and foreribs
-still possible to feel ends of spinous processes but only with firm pressure

77
Q

Body condition score 8

A

-fat or obese
-cow is carrying too much condition
-square view from behind
-tailhead is lost in pones of fat
-fat deposits will be seen below the vulva
-flank appears deep due to fat fill
-brisket will be full of fat
-spinous processes impossible to palpate

78
Q

Body condition score 9

A

-extremely fat or very obese
-bone structure is no longer visible from any aspect
-all definition is lost
-brisket entirely distended with fat = neck appears short
-loin, hip, and tailhead are “rippled” looking due to excess fat

79
Q

Average birth weight

A

60-100 lbs.

80
Q

When are cows rebred?

A

60-90 days post calving

81
Q

Angus (aberdeen) color pattern

A

Solid black color, white occasionally on udder

82
Q

Angus physical description

A

polled with a refined head

83
Q

Angus category

A

british

84
Q

Angus purpose

A

maternal

85
Q

Angus country of origin

A

scotland

86
Q

Angus are known for:

A

marbling, calving ease, and fertility

87
Q

Beefmaster color

A

typically red but no set color pattern

88
Q

Beefmaster physical description

A

polled, loose skin in dewlap and naval

89
Q

Beefmaster category

A

american

90
Q

Beefmaster purpose

A

dual

91
Q

Beefmaster country of origin

A

United States

92
Q

Beefmaster is known for:

A

heat tolerance

93
Q

Belted galloway color

A

black, red, or dun color with a white belt/band that encircles the body

94
Q

Belted galloway physical description

A

polled with thick hair

95
Q

Belted galloway category

A

British

96
Q

Belted galloway purpose

A

maternal

97
Q

Belted galloway country of origin

A

Scotland

98
Q

Belted Galloway is known for:

A

calving ease and double hair coat

99
Q

Brahman color pattern

A

color ranges from light grey to red to black

100
Q

Brahman physical description

A

large hump on shoulders, horned, loose skin

101
Q

Brahman category

A

Zebu

102
Q

Brahman purpose

A

maternal

103
Q

Brahman country of origin

A

India

104
Q

Brahman is known for:

A

heat tolerance and insect repellant

105
Q

Brangus color pattern

A

black or red

106
Q

Brangus physical description

A

polled, loose skin, slight hump

107
Q

Brangus category

A

American

108
Q

Brangus purpose

A

maternal

109
Q

Brangus country of origin

A

United States

110
Q

Brangus is known for:

A

heat resistance and maternal

111
Q

Charolais color pattern

A

white in color, pale muzzle with pink pigmentation

112
Q

Charolais physical description

A

naturally horned

113
Q

Charolais category

A

continental

114
Q

Charolais purpose

A

paternal/terminal

115
Q

Charolais country of origin

A

France

116
Q

Charolais is known for:

A

growth, muscle, and fast rate of gain

117
Q

Chianina color pattern

A

Native: white, black nose, eye area and switch
United States: black

118
Q

Chianina physical description

A

Native: tallest framed breed
United States: heavy muscled

119
Q

Chianina category

A

continental

120
Q

Chianina purpose

A

paternal/terminal

121
Q

Chianina country of origin

A

Italy

122
Q

Chianina is known for:

A

size and muscling

123
Q

Hereford color pattern

A

dark red to reddish-yellow color with white face, crest, dewlap, and underline

124
Q

Hereford physical description

A

horned or polled

125
Q

Hereford category

A

British

126
Q

Hereford purpose

A

maternal

127
Q

Hereford country of origin

A

England - horned
United States - polled

128
Q

Hereford is known for:

A

vigor and longevity

129
Q

Highland color pattern

A

black, red, yellow, or dun

130
Q

Highland physical description

A

long fringe and horns

131
Q

Highland category

A

Bristish

132
Q

Highland purpose

A

maternal

133
Q

Highland country of origin

A

Scotland

134
Q

Highland is known for:

A

climate tolerance and maternal instinct

135
Q

Limousin color pattern

A

golden red to black color (black is the most common color in the US)

136
Q

Limousin physical description

A

large framed, fine bone structure, and naturally horned

137
Q

Limousin category

A

continental

138
Q

Limousin purpose

A

paternal/terminal

139
Q

Limousin country of origin

A

France

140
Q

Limousin is known for:

A

leanness and high dressing percent

141
Q

Maine Anjou color pattern

A

Native: red with white markings on head, belly, rear legs, and tail
United States: black, red, or black and white

142
Q

Maine Anjou physical description

A

polled

143
Q

Maine Anjou category

A

continental

144
Q

Maine Anjou purpose

A

paternal/terminal

145
Q

Maine Anjou country of origin

A

France

146
Q

Maine Anjou is known for:

A

performance and feed efficiency

147
Q

Red angus color pattern

A

red (recessive angus gene)

148
Q

Red Angus physical description

A

polled

149
Q

Red Angus category

A

British

150
Q

Red Angus purpose

A

maternal

151
Q

Red Angus country of origin

A

Scotland

152
Q

Red Angus is known for:

A

maternal traits and marbling

153
Q

Santa Gertrudis color pattern

A

red

154
Q

Santa Gertrudis physical description

A

slick hair coat, loose skin, polled or horned

155
Q

Santa Gertrudis category

A

American

156
Q

Santa Gertrudis purpose

A

dual

157
Q

Santa Gertrudis country of origin

A

United States

158
Q

Santa Gertrudis is known for:

A

heat tolerance and maternal traits

159
Q

Shorthorn color pattern

A

red, white, or roan

160
Q

Shorthorn physical description

A

Horned or polled

161
Q

Shorthorn category

A

British

162
Q

Shorthorn purpose

A

maternal

163
Q

Shorthorn country of origin

A

England

164
Q

Shorthorn is known for:

A

calving ease and fertililty

165
Q

Simmental color pattern

A

Native: golden to red with white
United States: black or red

166
Q

Simmental physical description

A

horned or polled

167
Q

Simmental category

A

continental

168
Q

Simmental purpose

A

paternal/terminal

169
Q

Simmental country of origin

A

Switzerland

170
Q

Simmental is known for:

A

muscling and size

ASC382 Exam 2 (6 decks)

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