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Epidemiology > Animal Health surveillance and risk assessment > Flashcards

Animal Health surveillance and risk assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is SVM?

A

State veterinary medicine

Protection of:
- Public health
- Animal health
- Animal welfare
- International trade

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2
Q

Who is involved in State Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Public Health?

A

International organisations

National organisations

Local organisations

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3
Q

What do international governmental organisations do?

A

Regulation

Legislation

Implementation

Enforcement

Audit

Quality control

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4
Q

What do non-governmental international organisations do?

A

Science

Scientific Advice

Advice

Education

Codes of practice standards

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5
Q

What is Risk Analysis?

A

A formal method of dealing with hazards and risks

Many different definitions of risks, depending on who is talking about the subject and in what context.

Some definitions are sociological, mathematical or colloquial

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6
Q

What is a hazard?

A

Something that is potentially harmful - to humans, other animals, plants or the environment

e.g. a speeding car

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7
Q

What is hazard identification?

A

The process of identifying all the potential hazards in a given situation

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8
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

The process of evaluating the risk(s) resulting from a hazard

The person responsible for undertaking such an evaluation is the risk assessor, usually a risk assessment team. This is because many different areas of expertise are usually required to complete each risk assessment

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9
Q

What is risk management?

A

Utilises risk assessment results plus the risk manager’s judgement to balance potential benefits against assessed risks to reach decisions on acceptable risk and formulate policy on that basis

Cost-benefit and/or risk management should also be undertaken as a structured process.

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10
Q

What is the structured process of risk management?

A
  1. Putting the identified ‘risk issue’ into context
  2. Information gathering
  3. Identifying the possible options for management
  4. Making decisions on which safeguards (also called risk-reduction measures), if any, to put in place
  5. Ensuring that the decisions made are turned into actions, and monitoring the outcome of those actions
  6. Evaluating the outcome of the decisions and actions
  7. Re-evaluating the problem and its context, in the light of the outcome of the actions taken
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11
Q

What are some examples of international Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)?

A

World Animal Health Organisation (WOAH)

United Nations (UN)
- World Health organisation (WHO)
- Food and Agricultural organisation (FAO)
–> Codex alimetarius
- Committee on food hygiene
- Committee on food additives
–> Advice
–> Codes of practice
–> Standards

World Trade Organisation

International standards organisation

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12
Q

What are some international governmental organisations?

A

European Union (European Commission)

  • Food and Veterinary Office
  • European food safety authority
  • European centre for Disease Control (ECDC)
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13
Q

What is the role of WOAH?

A

Improve animal health in the world

Prevent effects of zoonoses on VPH including food safety

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14
Q

What is the role of the World Trade Organisation?

A

Coordinate, regulate and facilitate international trade between nations

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15
Q

What is the role of WHO?

A

Responsible for international Public Health

Leads global effort to expand universal health coverage

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16
Q

What is the role of the FAO?

A

Defeat hunger, improve nutrition and food security

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17
Q

What is the role of Codex Alimentarius?

A

Collection of internationally recognised standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other recommendations published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation relating to food, food production, food labelling and food safety

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18
Q

What is the role of the International Standards organisation?

A

ISO is an independent non-governmental international organisation.

Organisation, development and publishing of worldwide technical, industrial and commercial standards

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19
Q

What is the OIE mandate?

A

The sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the WTO recognises OIE as the reference organisation for international standards for animal health and zoonoses

OIE establishes health requirements for the safe international trade of animals and animal products while avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers

OIE has a clear mandate in the field of animal food production food safety to reduce food-borne risks to human health. Guidlines and recommendations are aimed at protecting animal production against hazards arising from animals.

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20
Q

What is the mission of the FAO (food and veterinary office)?

A

Check on compliance with the requirements of EU food safety and quality, animal health and welfare, and plant health legislation

Contribute to the development of European Community policy in the food safety, animal health and welfare and plant health sectors

Contribute to the development and implementation of effective control systems in the food safety, animal health and welfare and plant health sectors, and to inform stakeholders of the outcome of audits and inspections

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21
Q

What is the role of the efsa (european food safety authority)?

A

Scientific agency of the EU that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain, such as antimicrobial use, chemical toxicity, zoonotic disease etc.

Advice is given to the European Commission and may be enacted into legislation

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22
Q

What is the role of the ECDC (European centre for disease control)?

A

Mission to strengthen Europe’s defences against infectious disease

Report back to the European Commission regarding surveillance and disease data, threats and outbreaks and public health matters. This advice may be transcribed into legislation

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23
Q

What is the legal hierarchy?

A

Act - Primary legislation

Regulations or orders - Secondary legislation

Codes - guidelines which meet the requirements of the Act.

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24
Q

What are some national organisations for surveillance?

A

Food Standards Agency

Department of Health

DEFRA

Devolved administrations

Health and Safety Executive

CO (Civil Contingencies Secretariat)

No 10

Department for International Development

Communities and Local Government

Home Office

Office of Science and Technology

Trading Standards

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25
What is the food standards agency?
The food standards agency is a non-ministerial government departments of the Government of the United Kingdom Responsible for protecting public health in relation to food in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
26
What is the role of DEFRA?
DEFRA is a government department for environmental protection, food production, and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities across the whole of the United Kingdom
27
What is the role of the APHA?
Executive agency within DEFRA, the agency's main task is to protect the health and welfare of animals, as well as the general public, from disease. It conducts work across Great Britain on behalf of Defra, the Scottish Gov and the Welsh Gov
28
What is the role of the UKHSA?
Executive agency within the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) Formed in April 2021 - fully replaced PHE in October 2021 Responsible for protecting every member of every community from the impact of infectious diseases, chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents and other health threats.
29
What is VMD?
Regulation and authorisation of Veterinary Medicines (safety, quality and efficacy) Adverse reaction reporting and carrying out post-authorisation surveillance Surveillance for residues in animal products AMR
30
How is legislation enforced nationally?
APHA Public Health England/Wales/Scotland HSC Public Health NI FSA Operations Local Gov: - Environmental Health - Trading Standards
31
What are EHOs?
Environmental Health Officers - Created in the 1970s - Monitor the hygienic operation of food businesses
32
What does the Local government officer do?
Waste Control Food Premises licensing and inspection Pest control Animal Welfare - Dogs, Horses, Cats, Other Housing Nuisance
33
What are notifiable diseases?
Animal diseases which you are legally required to report to APHA
34
Can you name some notifiable diseases?
Cattle Plague, Pleuro-pneumonia, Foot and Mouth disease, Sheep Pox, Sheep Scab, Swine Fever Orders related to a single disease Foot and mouth disease order Orders related to a species The infectious diseases of horses order 1987 Orders related to a specific list The specified diseases order 1992 The specified diseases order 1996 to enact European Union legislation
35
Why are some diseases notifiable?
1. International trade 2. Public Health 3. Animal Welfare 4. Wider Society 5. Economic Impact on the agricultural industry Having due regard for: - Cost to the community - Availability of appropriate solutions
36
Can you name some notifiable diseases?
African horse sickness African swine fever Anthrax Aujeszky's disease Avian influenza BSE Bluetongue Bovine TB Brucellosis Chronic Wasting Disease Classical Swine fever Dourine Foot and Mouth Goat Plague Newcastle Disease Rabies Rinderpest Scrapie West Nile Fever
37
If you see a notifiable fish and shellfish disease, who to report it to?
FHI - Fish health inspector
38
What are some notifiable fish and shellfish diseases?
Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) Spring viraemia of carp (SVC)
39
Where do you report notifiable bee pests or diseases?
Regional Bee inspector
40
What are the two notifiable bee pests?
Small Hive Beetle Tropilaelaps mite
41
What are the two notifiable bee diseases?
American foulbrood European Foulbrood
42
What is the World Animal Health Information System?
A comprehensive database through which information on the animal health situation worldwide is reported and disseminated throughout the world
43
Why do animal diseases matter?
Major response by government required Disrupt agriculture, international trade and the food supply Impact beyond agriculture Credibility of Government/Country Impact comparable with deliberate CBRN (Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence) incidents; FAILURE TO CONTROL IS A RISK
44
What do you know about the FMD outbreak in 2001?
Worst FMD outbreak to affect Western Europe 220 days to eradicate Economic cost of around £8 billion Slaughter of around 6 million animals The animal by-products order 2001 Britain only survived as it has the worlds 5th highest GDP and doesnt rely on animal product exports
45
What do we know about Foot and mouth disease?
Aphthavirus - picornavirus Survives well in environment - maybe for around 1 month - readily transmitted on equipment, clothes, vehicles, wildlife (as fomites) and wind Infects ruminants and pigs (plus some other spp) causing subclinical-to-severe disease +/- zoonotic?
46
What happens if a notifiable disease is suspected?
Must notify APHA immediately by telephone Duty VO will discuss over phone and may visit Samples may be taken
47
What happens if a notifiable disease is confirmed?
Formal confirmation by CVO Informs OIE and EC and reports regularly to both on progress of the outbreak For FMD, UK loses FMD-free status, exports of cattle and cattle products pretty much stop, certainly within the control zone Zones are established - Protection zone, min 3k radius from IP - Surveillance zone, min 10km radius from IP - Restricted zone, national movement ban across GB Restrictions imposed on the premises remain in force Susceptible animals culled Carcasses disposed of and preliminary disinfection carried out Epi investigation continues to establish the source and spread
48
What is the protection zone?
A zone of minimum 3km radius established around the initial infection site
49
What is a surveillance zone?
A zone of minimum 10km radius established around the initial infection site
50
What is a Restricted Zone?
A national movement ban across GB
51
What happens if a notifiable disease is confirmed?
Disposal of carcasses Contact any premises where it may have spread Pre-emptive culling
52
What do you know about temp staff?
In events of serious outbreaks, non-government vets and retired gov vets may be engaged temporarily
53
How are notifiable diseases controlled using legal powers?
These powers include: - Compulsory movement restrictions - Diagnostic testing - Slaughter - Other controls deemed necessary Compensation is paid in many cases
54
Why are lame Dairy cows not notifiable?
It is multifactorial Prevalent Not zoonotic No international agreement
55
What are reportable diseases?
Diseases where there is a statutory requirement to report lab confirmed isolation of organisms e.g. Designates salmonella and brucella (abortus, melitensis, ovis) as reportable diseases applies to any kind of mammal (except man), any four-footed beast and any kind of bird
56
What do we know about preventing entry of disease?
Almost impossible in some countries. Uk is an island so control is easier Prohibit importation of susceptible animals from countries where the disease exists - Control contaminated products - Test animals prior to import - Quarantine Control/eradicate - If disease arrives, or is already present
57
How is disease controlled?
Most countries have taken measures to deal with those animal diseases which present a hazard to their livestock or to public health or trade These measures are implemented by the organisations responsible for state veterinary medicine
58
What are the tools in disease control?
Animal disease surveillance - Scanning/passive - Targeted/active Enforcement of control measures and official controls Diagnostic services for livestock diseases and notifiable ones Research and science
59
What are the strategies for the control of notifiable disease?
Include a combo of one or more of: 1. Prevent contact between infection and the animal - Movement controls, farm, protection, and surveillance zones - Slaughter of individual animals (BSE) - Selective slaughter of affected animals or groups (TB) - Whole herd slaughter (FMD, TB) 2. Vaccination (TB?) 3. Treatment (Warble Fly)
60
What are some critical success factors for controlling notifiable diseases?
1. Knowledge of the epidemiology and ecology of the organism 2. Means of identifying infected animals 3. Ability to eliminate the pathogen once identified 4. Ability to stop reintroduction of the pathogen onto premises 5. Cooperation of all sectors of the industry 6. Financial resources 7. Infrastructure
61
What is the reason modern veterinary medicine exists?
Veterinary public health and production animals
62
Are all notifiable diseases exotic?
NO Can be endemic or exotic
63
What are OV?
Official Veterinarians Vets who conduct government actions

Epidemiology (11 decks)

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