Random Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
Bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi
What is the causative agent of Q-fever?
Bacteria
Coxiella burnetii
What is the causative agent of Bovine TB?
Bacteria
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
How to calculate Positive Predictive Value?
True positive / true positive + false positive
x100
What does a drop in positive predictive value mean?
The prevalence of the disease has decreased
What is sensitivity?
True positive
What is specificity?
True negative
How do we calculate the sensitivity?
True positive / true positive + false negative
How do we calculate the specificity?
True negative/true negative + false positive
What is Selection Bias?
Error that occurs when the participants in a study are not representative of the target population
E.g. choosing a group, not randomised
What is Information bias?
Error in the collection of data
Differences in the way the researchers collect the data or incorrect classification
What is external validity?
The extent at which a study can be generalised to a wider group e.g. nationwide, worldwide etc
E.g. if a drug was only tested on young healthy people its external validity may be low - may not apply to elderly or ill.
How do you calculate contact rate?
R0 / duration of infectiousness
e.g R0 = 2, infectious for 10 days
Contact rate = 2 / 10 = 0.2
How do you calculate R0?
Contact rate x duration of infectiousness
What happens to PPV when prevalence decreases?
It also decreased
How to calculate total benefits?
Money you get per unit
e.g. Price paid to you per kg of meat e.g. 2.33 £/Kg
How to calculate total costs?
Cost to buy * number of units + production costs per kilogram
e.g. £180 (cost to buy) * number of units + (£1.93/kg * liveweight kg)
How to calculate marginal benefit?
Benefit from the current unit - benefit from the unit before (n-1)
How to calculate marginal cost?
Cost from current unit - cost from the unit before (n-1)
How to calculate net benefit?
Total benefit - total cost
What is the Global Burden of animal disease approach to estimate the impact of disease?
Global burden of animal diseases (GBADs) approach calculating an
The animal health loss envelope compares a diseased production with an optimal or utopian production without disease.
What is the economic impact framework according to Rushton to estimate the impact of disease?
Economic impact framework according to Rushton that compares losses and expenditures broken down into visible and invisible losses and additional costs and revenue foregone.
What is the Economic impact framework according to Bennett to estimate the impact of disease?
Economic impact framework according to Bennett that compares losses and expenditures whereas the impact is a combination of losses plus increase in expenditures plus costs of inputs and costs of disease
prevention measures plus human impact and animal welfare score.
What are some examples of externalities?
Environmental pollution:
* Runoff of nutrients, pathogens, and chemicals from poultry farms into
water bodies.
* Water pollution, eutrophication, and contamination of local ecosystems,
affecting aquatic life and water quality.
Airborne emissions:
* Emission of dust, particulate matter, and ammonia from broiler houses.
* Air pollution in the surrounding area, potentially leading to respiratory issues in humans and animals.
Odour emissions:
* Release of unpleasant odours from poultry farms.
* Odour nuisance for nearby residents, affecting their quality of life and well-being.
Noise pollution:
* Noise generated by equipment, fans, and activities on poultry farms.
* Disruption to the peace and quiet of the surrounding community,
potentially causing stress and annoyance.
Antibiotic resistance:
* Use of antibiotics in poultry production leading to the development of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
* Increased risk of antibiotic-resistant infections in humans, affecting
public health.
Disease transmission:
* Outbreak of animal disease affecting other farms
* Disease impact as described above causing costs and losses
