Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 224 > Animal Locomotion - Skeletons + Muscles > Flashcards

Animal Locomotion - Skeletons + Muscles Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

hydrostatic

A

not rigid and hard
fluid is incompressible - squeeze one part and other part swells up - helps with locomotion
limited protection - no mechanical protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

exoskeleton

A

support structure on the outside
insects + artopods
must be shed for body growth
limits ability to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ecdysis

A

shedding for body growth - when it wants to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endoskeleton

A

support structures on the inside
bones exposed to acidic enviroments
exposed to bodily fluids and H+ as a byproduct of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 types of endoskeletons

A

echinoderms
vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

echinoderms

A

calcium carbonate + protein fibers; easily dissolved in acid so narrow range of acid and H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vertebrates

A

calcium phosphate + protein fibers
internal store of calcium and phosphate
more resistant to acid - wide range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

vertebrate skeleton relies on

A

Ca
++ homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

blood calcium tightly regulated by

A

endocrine negative feedback loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

calcium homeostasis cycle

A

less calcium - stimulate parathyroid - increase release from bone, and uptake in kidneys and intestines, - falls above - activates thyroid gland - calcitonin reduces kidneys uptake + stimulates calcium deposition - declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

contractile cells

A

found in all animals
can change their height
responsible for movement in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

contraction

A

based on interaction between actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

actin

A

supporting filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

myosin

A

a motor protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

three types of vertebrae muscle

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

voluntary muscle

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stratied muscle example

A

skeletal and cardian muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

involuntary muscle

A

cardian muscle and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

unstriated muscle example

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

striated muscle defnition

A

dark and light bands when looking in microsope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

all muscle is

A

bioelectric - producsed a membrane action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

proximal insertion of muscle in arms

A

closer the join meaning it’s faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

proximal insertion of muscle in legs

A

shorter foot - more strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

distal insertion of muscle in arms

A

farther from joint - meaning it’s stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
distal insertion of muscle in legs
longer foot - meaning it's strength
26
muscles grouped as
antagonistic pairs
27
biceps
raise arm
28
triceps
low arm
29
skeletal activity shorten and relaxing
shortens actively, passively relaxes
30
what explains muscle contraction
sliding filament theory
31
contraction stimulated by
motor neurons from somatic nervous system
32
neuromuscular junction
type of synpase from neuron to muscle
33
NMJ process - excitation contraction coupling
AP releases calcium which releases acetylcholine which goes through the synapse and into the nicotonic receptors which depolrizes the muscle cell which causea an AP which reaches threshold right away and goes into the t tubules which trigger the DHPO which release cakcium from the Ryr and releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosolm which completes contraction
34
excitation contraction coupling
NMJ process - electrical to mechanical energy
35
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of muscle fibre
36
t tubule
from neuron to muscle fibre - continous with sarcolemme
37
sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium - keeps cytoplasmic calcium low and SR calcium high uses pump from sarcoplasm
38
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm from muscle fibre
39
components of sarcoplasmic reticulum + t tubule
ryanodine receptor dihydropyridine
40
ryanodine receptor
calcium channel in sarcolemma at rest there is a lot outside open and calcium will flow inside
41
dyhydropyridine receptor
voltage gated channel in t-tubule membrane - at rest plugs RyR
42
MAP
produces conformotional change in DHPR unblocks Ryr Calcium diffuses out of sacroplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm
43
1 myofibril
many sarcomeres
44
thick filaments
myosin - A band
45
thin filaments
actin - I band
46
H zone
myosin only bisected by M line - wherever the M line is
47
Z disk
anchors actin - both ends of I band
48
M line
anchors myosin
49
what parts of actin regulate interactions with myosin
troponin and tropomyosin
50
sliding filament model
contraction = moving anchor points closer together
51
myofibril from left to right
M line (myosin) - Z line (anchors actin) - A band (myosin) - M line/H zone - Z line - I band
52
what moves in a contracting muscle
H zone gets smaller, I band gets smaller, Z lines get closer, A band same width
53
simple explanation on how actin and myoin slide past each other
due to cross bridge and respective binding sites
54
what do actin receptive binding sites need
calcium
55
cross bridging binding between filaments process - how actin amd myosin move past each other
high sarcoplasmic calcium - binds to troponin on actin filaments (clusters of green balls) - causes tropomyosin to be displaced (purple lines) and uncovers binding site - ATP is split into ADP + P - myosin head cocks - attaches to binding site - new ATP attaches to the myosin head 0 cross bridge detaches - inorganic phosphate released - myosin head pivots and bends to pull on the actin filament
56
overall muscle contraction due to
continual cross bridge cycling formation of many many crossbridges per sarcomere
57
sarcomere length
2.5 micrometeres
58
distance shorted per sarcomere
0.25 micrometeres
59
40,000 sarcomeres shorten a muscle by
1 cm
60
200,000 sarcomeres shorten a muscle by
5 cm
61
reflex arcs
operate automatically important in posture coordinating limb movements intergrated with conscious motor control by CNS
62
neural stimulations
always shorters skeletal muscles
63
motor unit
one neuron plus all muscle fibers it contacts
64
how many motor units are stimulated depends on
threshold of motor neuron
65
large motor units
lots of muscle fibers
66
small motor units
less muscle fibers
67
what controls muscle fibers
motor unit and tetanus
68
tetanus
a form of summation - muscle does not oppurtunity to relax at all between stimuli
69
ansyncronous flight muscle
smaller RS - more sarcomehres muscle contraction is not at the same time as the AP muscles are strecthed and contracted due to motor neuron firing max wbf more than 1000Hz

Bio 224 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions