Coordinatoin & Regulation Nervous Systems Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
organs systems must be
A
coordinates within an animal and with the enviroment
2
Q
two majot systems
A
nervous system (faster) and endocrine system (slower)
3
Q
nervous system
A
in all animals except sponges
very rapid coordination
three major roles
4
Q
three major roles of nervous systems
A
collects info - from internal and external enviroment, using modified neurons (detection aspect)
process and integrate information - adding info together - evaluates based on past experience or genetics
transmit information - coordinates/regulates effect organ/cells - send info somewhere - to output
5
Q
sensory process
A
sensory receptor (eye) - sensory input (afferent) - information INTO nervous system - integration of sum of inputs (cns) - motor input (efferent + pns) - effector cells
6
Q
neurons
A
cells of the nervous system
generate bioelectric signals
there used to transmit information
7
Q
glial cells
A
support cells
assist neuronal signaling
produce cerebrospinal fluid
maintain enviroment around neurons
provide nutrients to those nurons
more than neurons
8
Q
motor neuron structure
A
dendrites - cell body - axon + myelin - axon terminals
9
Q
sensory neuron structure
A
dendrites - axon - cell body - axon (myelin) - axon terminals
10
Q
interneuron structure
A
dendrites - cell body - axon no myelin - axon terminal - no branching
11
Q
neuron
A
individual cell
12
Q
nerve
A
a bundle of axons - no cell bodies
13
Q
acon
A
a nerve fiber
14
Q
synapse
A
connection between axon terminal and effector cell
15
Q
effector
A
can be a neuron, muscle, any other cell`
16
Q
bioelectricity
A
electrical activity in a biological species
17
Q
potential
A
difference in electrical charge between regions - measures in volts or millivolts - if it’s the same charge on both then potential is 0
18
Q
current
A
flow of electrical charge between regions
19
Q
membrane potential
A
unequal charge distribution across a cell membrane - relative to the inside
20
Q
biological cell membrane potential
A
negative on inside relative to outside
size of MP -10 to -90 mV
21
Q
neurons + muscle cells for MP
A
- large membrane potentials
- special mechanisms to regulate membrane potentials and currents
22
Q
3 type of membrane potentials
A
resting membrane potential
electrotonic potentials
action potentials
- depends on inorganic ions
23
Q
resting membrane potential
A
measured when neuron is inactive
-70mV in neurons and muscle cells
due to inequal distribution of ions across membrane
sodium and pottasium
24
Q
extracellular fluids always have
A
high sodium concentration and higher than pottasium in intracellular fliud
low pottasium
25
intracellular fluid
high potassium concentration
low potassium concentration
26
sodium potassium ATPase
ion gradient pump
found in all cells
moves 3 sodium and 2 potassium in
electrogenic pump - different ion concentration
generates a 10mV potential r
uses ATP since it is going againgradient
27
resting membrane potentials
measured when cell is inactive
above -70mV
electrogenic -10
aminion proteins -10
passive diffusion -55
28
amnionic proteins
proteins with negative charge + cannot leave membrane
-5mV
29
open K channel
leak channel
always open
multiple in one cell
passive diffucion across chemical gradient
end location will be positive
30
membrane ion channels
- very specific for ion
- some leak channels some regulated
neurons - voltage gated
- ion movement depends on the concentration gradient
31
membrane physiology during RMP
sodium pottasium ATPase + potassium leak channel
32
RMP sodium concentration
15 inside
150 outside
33
RMP potassium concentration
150 inside
5 outside
34
RMP chloride concentration
7 inside
110 outside
35
RMP A-
110 inside
0 outside
36
cell is polarized
negative inside less positive
37
excitable
membrane potential can change - neurons and muscle fibers
38
depolarized
less negative inside more positive
39
at rmp
neuron is metabolically active but not chemical
40
electrotonic potentials
small change in memebrane potentials - around 10 mV
41
action potentials
large and rapid changes in membrane potentials - nerve impulse
42
electrotonic potentials
current (ions) travel along the surface - a few microns along the membrane
small
can depolarize or hyperpolarize
only travel a short distance along membrane
43
what does electrotonic potentials can be used for
used to initiate an AP in axon hilloack
also to conduct AP along axon
44
action potentials
initiated at axon hillock region
found only in axons
spike initiation (short + quick)
carries the signal from axon hillock to terminals
gets a signal from the cell body to the tip of the axon
45
special features of AP
- depolarizes membrane (from -70 to +35) cell is polarized
- are all or nothing but transient
- once started conducted along entire axon
- rely on ion current through membrane via voltage ion channels
46
which channels does action potential rely on
voltage-gates potassium and sodium channels
47
voltage sodium gate role in action potential
some of them are open before threshold
all of them open after threshold
depolarizes cell - makes inside less negatives
at around 50mV sodium gates get closed and inactivates
47
potassium voltage gate in action potential
starts at +50
makes inside of cell negative (repolarization) all the way to -80
hyperpolzarization to to -70 which is RMP
47
threshold
voltage at which AP is initiated
48
potassium channel
does not inactivate - only closes
49
refractory period
membrane potential starts arriving at RMP - cannot generate AP
50
hodgkin huxley cycle
initial depolarization -> opening of Nav channels increases permeability -> increased Na+ flow -> further membrane depolarization (opens more sodium channels( and repeat
51
AP rise phase is an example of
positive feedback
52
AP only occurs if
you depolarize and open the sodium channels
53
why is AP important
conduction
54
AP initiated in the
axon hilloack/ spike initiating sone
55
why does the AP start in the axon hillock
large number of sodium channels which then creates a high depolarization
56
does voltage change in an AP
AP creates an unchanged axon membrane to terminals in which the voltage doesn't change and only move forward
57
inter-vertebrate axon
unmyelinated
58
how does an AP move through an unmyelinated axon
- moves in waves
- started at the axon hillock where the threshold is lower and the sodium channels are high
- once it reaches the peak, the AP moves to the next inactive area and depolarization spreads and makes the MP reach the potential and so on and so forth
- previous section of axon becomes inactive so charge cannot move back
59
can you have multiple APs
yes
60
spiking frequency
number of AP sent through per second (neural code for carrying info)
61
measure of AP speed
larger diameter = AP goes faster
62
relative speed of invertebrate AP
up to 40m/s
63
purpose of myelin
no voltage gated channels which prevents curremt loss and makes the AP go faster
64
what are at the nodes of ravier
potassiuma and sodium
65
How does AP conduct information through myelinated acon
instead of waves it jumps (salatory)
sodium passes through notes hwen unmylelinated
then jumps during myelinated
depolarization passes between nodes
66
average speed of AP vertebrates
up to 100m/s
67
breakdown of myelin
AP cannot conduct fast enough = disease
68
why might vertebrates require higher action potential conduction velocities?
69
two types of synapses
electrical and chemical
70
synapse
space from one neuron to another
71
electrical synapses
actual ions flow from one cell to another
occurs via gap junctions
only excicatory
direct transmission
72
example of electrical synapses
cardiac muscle cells + neurons in a few invertebrate animals
73
chemical synapses
another molecule carries signal - neurotransmitters from presynaptic cell
74
chemical synapse examples
majority of neurons
75
electrical synapses characteristics
gap junctions directly connect cytoplasm of each cell
ions flow between cells
rapid flow of current
escape responses
excitatory
76
chemical synapses charactertistics
slower, complicated, versatile
no gap junctions
pre and post neurons seperated by synaptic cleft
77
chemical synapse process
AP causes Ca+ to come out in the axon terminal and accomplish high threshold
calcium takes neurotransmitters out of vesicle and pushes across cleft and into receptors
neurotransmitter binds to receptors and channels open
depolarization or hyperpolzarixation occurs
78
depolarization
excitatory
79
hyperpolarization
inhibitory
80
acetylcholine CNS
stimulates brain, memory, motor control
81
acetocholine PNS
stimulates skeletal muscle and neuromuscular joins, inhibits cardiac muscles and promotes digestion
82
biogenic amines
catecholamines, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, seratonin, histamine
83
biogenic amines CNS
Regulates mood attention learning
84
boigenic amines
stimulates cardian muscles, improve lung function and help respond to stress
85
excitatory amino acids
glutamate and asparte
86
inhibitory amino acids
GABA and glycine
87
amino acids CNS
mediators of activity in CNS - the major on and off signals of the cns
88
neuropeptides
opate peptides: endorphin, enkephalin
oxytocin
89
neuropeptides CNS
modulate postsynaptic cell response to neurotransmitters, play a role in mood behaviour appetite pain perception
90
gases
nutric oxide and carbon monoxide
91
gases CNS
possible role in memory and odor sensation
92
gases PNS
relaxes smooth muscle especially in blood vessels
93
two receptors for acetylcholine
nicotinic + musarinic
94
acetylcholine + nicotonic recept
stimulates skeletal muscle contraction
ligate lined
95
acetycholine + muscarinic receptor
inhibits cardiac muscle contraction
96
two classes of receptor proteins
ionotropic and metabotropic
97
ionotropic receptors
form channel for ions to pass
ligane gated
skeletal muscle
post synaptic response depends on ion current
98
metabotropic receptors
cardian muscle
doesnt create channels
triggers metabolic processes within the cell
99
example of ionotropic receptors - sodium channel
the nicotinic receptor is a sodium channel
acetylcholine goes in and sodium is gonna flow in
is stimulated by depolarization
ligate lined
100
example of ionotropic receptors - GABA receptor
ligand gated
is a chloride channel
GABA inhibits by hyperpolarization
101
metabotropic receptors
influence post synaptic cell indriectly
acts via an intracellular signal
complex cell biochemistry
activates biochemical metabolism
102
targets of metabotropic receptors
enzyme, structural protein, gene protein
103
what happens after neurotransmission
causes an EP in the dendrites - might get to cell bodies and axon hillock
104
Post synaptic potential
the electrotonic potential created after neurotransmission
105
at the hillock the PSP will
either depolarize or hyperpolarize
106
Na channel PSP
will let sodium flow inward
causes a depolarizing or excitatory PEP - EPSP
107
K channel PSP
will let K flow outward
causes a hyperpolarize or inhibitory PSP (ipsp)
108
Cl channel PSP
will let Cl flow inward
causes a hyperpolarize or inhibitory PSP - IPSP
109
EPSPs and IPSPs are...
graded potentials
size of PSPs depend on amount of neurotransmitter released
if AP right after one another - more calcium = more neurotransmitter
110
how many inputs are recieved by a postsynaptic neuron
around 1000
111
summation of subthrshold PSPs
occurs at axon hillock
result if we activate one ore more inpiuts
one input = around 2-10mV
multilpe might join together to reach threshold
for learning, memory, classical conditioning
112
sponges
no neurons but still have basic cell physiology
113
ganglia
collections of neuronal cell bodies = sites of intergratino
114
cephalization
concentration of neurons/ganglia in a head region
115
cnidarian nervous system
nerve nets
116
echinoderm nervous system
nerve ring + radial nerves
117
planarian nervous system
eyespot + ganglia (cephalization) + longitudinal nerve cords - protostomes and bilaterally symmetrical
118
arthopod nervous system
dorsal and ventral ganglia
119
mollusc nervous system
ganglia - optic love - lobed brain - frontal lobe
120
vertebrate nervous system
brain - spinal cord - sensory ganglia
121
nervous system evolution in chordates
- brain regions conserved and modified
- cerebrum - gets larger as processing goes up
- olfactory bulb - varies in size
- regions become larger based on function
- folding increases surface area
122
forebrain of 4 week embryo equivalence
5 week - telencephalon + diencephalon
adult - telence phalon + thalamus/hypothalamus
123
midbrain of 4 week embryo equal
5 week - mesencephalon
adult - midbrain
124
hind brain in 4 week embryo equivalence
5 week - metencephalon + myelencephalon
adult - cerebellum, pons; meddula oblongata
125
telencephalon (cerebrum)
higher functions such as thought, action, communication
126
thalamus
recieves sensory input and relays it to regions of the cerebral cortex
127
hypothalamus
centre for homeostatic control of internal enviroment
128
midbrain
coordinates involuntary reactions and relays signals to cerebrum
129
cerebellum
interpretes signals for muscle movement
130
pons
centre for information flow between cerebellum and cerebrum
131
medulla oblongata
controls many involuntary tasks
132
Connection of CNS + PNS
Sensory receptors - afferent system - brain and spinal cord - efferent system - either somatic (skeletal muscles) - autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic - goes to smooth muscles/glands
133
most tissues...
are innervated by both divisions
balance of which is more active
134
difference between ganglia neurons in sympathetic ns
ganglial neurons closer to spinal cord
135
different between ganglia neurons in parasympathetic ns
ganglia neurons within organs
136
two different...
efferent neurons + peripheral ganglia
137
neuron and ganglia connection in ANS
preganglionic neuron - ganglia - postganglionic neuron - (either organ or spinal cord)
138
preganglionic neuron
the neuron prior to the ganglia
139
postganglionic neuron
the neuron after the ganglia
140
factors that different between sympathetic and parasympathetic division ganglia and efferent neurons
location and length of axon of pre/post neurons
141
sympathetic nervous system efferent neurons + peripheral ganglia
the axons of the efferent neurons in the SNS are shorter since they only need to reach the CNS - the ganglia is also closer tot he efferent neuron axon
more widespread effects on the body
142
autonomic nervous system efferent neurons + peripheral ganglia
the axons of the efferent neurons in the PNS are longer and away from the ganglia - the ganglia is closer to specific organs
more organ specific effects
143
sympathetic division actions
- relaxes (inhibits) airways
- increases heartbeat and force of contraction (stimulates)
- inhibits digestion and stomach activity
mobilizing energy resources
144
parasympathetic division actions
constricts (stimulates) airways
slows heartbeats (inhibits)
stimulates digestion and stomach activity
145
how do the SNS and PNS work?
flexibility of chemical synapses - tissue specific response depends on neurotransmitter and type of receptor in effector cell
146
preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division
release acetylcholine into a nicotonic receptor attached to the CNS - stimulates
147
postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division
release norepinephrine into adrenoreceptors - stimulates cardian muscles
148
preganglionic fibers of autonomic division
release acetylcholine into a nicotonic receptor attached to the CNS - stimulates
149
postganglionic fibers of autonomic division
acetylcholine - attaches to muscarinic receptor - inhibits cardiac muscle
150
inhitbiting digestive tract neurotransmitter
norepinephrine via ALPHA - adrenoreceptor
151
stimulating heart neurotransmitter
norepinphrtine via BETA - adrenoreceptor
152
beta blockers
(blood pressure, heart, nervousness) - prevent heart rate from increasing
153
stimulate digestive tract
acetylecholine via metabiotropic (m3) receptor
154
inhibits heart
acetylcholine via metabiotropic (m2) receptor
155
how is cramping caused
taking energy away from digestive tract to fuel skeletal muscles
156
