Animal Physio 1 Flashcards by Caila Castillo

Related to the functions of the body and all its parts, including its cell, tissues and organs

Physiology

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It is consists of skin and skin appendages

Integumentary system

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Integumentary system consists of skin and skin appendages, including

Hair
Nails
Horns
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

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Primary function is to act as a protective layer against diseases, infection, the sun, and another potentially harmful element.

Skin

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What are the two layers of skin?

Epidermis
Dermis

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The outer layer of the skin. Contains no blood cells

Epidermis

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It is the superficial covering of stratified epithelial tissue comprised of an external layer of dead cells sitting on a lower layer of living cells.

Epidermis

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The inner layer, which contains blood cells, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair, follicles, and muscle fibers.

Dermis

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It is the deeper layer of dense irregular connective tissues

Dermis

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They are the modified extensions which are derived from the skin.

Skin appendages

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Skin appendages includes:

Hair
Scales
Hoofs
Feathers
Claws
Horns
Nails nails

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Hair, wool, and feathers are all comprised of ___________ and are essential for regulating ____________________

Proteins
Body temperature

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Each hair follicles has a small bundle of smooth muscle fibers that can contract to pull the hair perpendicular to the skin surface

Arrector pili

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Muscles that are stimulated to contract involuntarily by the nervous system in times of stress or cold

Arrector pili

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True or False

When all hairs are standing perpendicular they trap more air and keep animals body warmer.

True

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Release water to cool the body

Sweat Glands

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Secrete oil substances to lubricate the skin and hair

Sebaceous Glands

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Detect touch, pain, heat, and cold in the dermis of the skin

Sensory receptors

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What are the different examples of sensory receptors

Merkel cells
Meissner’s corpuscles
Paccinian corpuscles
Free nerve endings

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Made up of bones and connective tissue and provide structural support for all the other organ systems

Skeletal system

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Framework of the body, and protects the organs of the body

Skeletal system

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It is consists of those bones on the midline of the body

Axial skeleton

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What are the examples of Axial skeleton

Skull
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum

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It is comprised of those bones coming off the midline of the body

Appendicular skeleton

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What are the examples of appendicular skeleton

Forelegs Hindlegs Bones in the pelvic region

What are the four classes of bones?

Long bones Flat bones Short bones Irregular bones

Found in the limbs, are the supporting columns and levers for the skeletal system and the body

Long bones

Protect the body's organs and serve as an area of muscle attachment

Flat bones

Bones in the knee hock joint, diffuse concussion, diminish friction and change the direction of tendons

Short bones

Those bones that are found in the vertebral column

Irregular bones

The soft tissue at the inner core of the bone

Bone marrow

It is consist of yellow fat

Yellow marrow

The outer portion of bone marrow is comprised of red tissue

Red marrow

It is responsible for blood cell and platelet formation

Red marrow

They are the bone forming cells

Osteoblasts

They are the mature bone cells

Osteocytes

This is where the primary ossification occurs

Metaphyseal growth rate

This is where the secondary ossification occurs

Epiphyseal growth rate

The secondary ossification site is in the center of the

Epiphysis

It binds tissues together to give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage

Connective tissue

What are the four types of connective tissues

Ligaments Tendons Cartilage Fascia

Connect bone to bone

Ligaments

Attach muscle to bone

Tendons

What are the three types of cartilage

Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage

It is found on the ends of bones and act as cushioning in joints

Hyaline cartilage

It makes up body parts such as the ears

Elastic cartilage

It provides cushioning between the inter vertebral disc

Fibrocartilage

It is located between the skin and underlying muscle or bone

Fascia

It is the top layer of the fascia that is attached to the skin

Superficial fascia

It is the bottom layer of the fascia that covers the muscle or bone

Deep Fascia

These are the articulations are unions between bones

Joints

What are the three types of joints

Fibrous Cartalaginous Synovial

Joints that allow the greatest range of movement

Synovial joints

What are the movements that synovial joints allow

Gliding Flexion Extension Hyperextension Rotation Adduction Abduction Circumduction

In conjunction with the skeletal system, it allows the movement of internal structures, limbs and the body as a wall

Muscular system

What are the categories of muscles by their functions

Skeletal Visceral Cardiac

What are the categories of muscles by their activation method

Voluntary and involuntary

What are the categories of muscles by their physiology

Smooth Striated Unstrained

Striated voluntary muscles which involved in the movement of the skeleton. It can be intentionally controlled by the animal

Skeletal muscles

Smooth, involuntary unstriated muscles found in the digestive organs and blood vessels of the body. It functions automatically and cannot be controlled by the animal

Visceral muscles

It is involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart. No concious control of it in the animal but it can be regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

Cardiac muscles

Skeletal muscles can be divided into four functional groups which are

Flexors Extensors Abductors Adductors

Many muscles work in pairs so that when one contracts the other one relaxes.

Antagonism

They are muscles that work together to perform a movement

Synergists

Decrease the angle between two lever bones when they contract

Flexor muscles

Increase the angle between two lever when they contract

Extensor muscles

Moves away from the median plane

Abduction muscles

It is the middle or main part of the body

Median plane

Pulls limbs toward the median plane

Adduction muscles

It occurs as a result of a process known as sliding filament action

Contraction

It comes primarily from non-protein sources such as adenosine triphosphate nitrogen and body fats

Muscle contraction

Individual muscle fibers are made up of bundles of

Myofibrils

Myofibrils are enclosed in a series of

Sacromeres

Muscle fibers are made up of thick filaments of _________ and thin filaments of __________.

Myosin Actin

A process where the bone is formed from cartilage when the animal is an embryo

Endochondral ossification Or endochondral bone formation

Animal Physio 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)