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BMAT Biology > Animal physiology > Flashcards

Animal physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The break down of glucose to release energy

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration formula

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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4
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Cellular respiration when oxygen demand is greater than oxygen supply

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration formula

A

Glucose -> lactic acid + energy

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6
Q

Order of impulse transmission

A

Stimulus

Receptor

Sensory neuron

Relay neuron

Motor neuron

Effector

Response

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7
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid, automatic and involuntary responses to stimuli - coordinated by the brain or spinal cord

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8
Q

What causes inhalation?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that increase the volume of the chest cavity

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9
Q

SAN

A

Sinoatrial node - the heart’s intrinsic pacemaker

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10
Q

What causes the SAN to fire more rapidly?

A

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation

Adrenaline

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11
Q

AVN

A

Atrio-ventricular node - delays the wave of excitation from the SAN between the atria and ventricles so that they contract separately

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12
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestines

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13
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

(Pepsin) in stomach, pancreas and small intestine

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14
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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15
Q

Order or digestive tract

A

Mouth -> oesophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus

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16
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder

17
Q

Mouth

A

Partial digestion of carbohydrates by amylase produced by the salivary glands. Chewing breaks up the food into smaller pieces for easier digestion

18
Q

Oesophagus

A

Food pushed down by regular contractions (peristalsis)

19
Q

Stomach

A

Stores food to slow down its progression along the digestive system. Breaks food up by muscular contractions. Partial digestion of proteins by the enzyme pepsin (a protease). Produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and allow pepsin to work.

20
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile, which neutralises stomach acid (so it doesn’t burn a hole in your small intestine) and helps break up fat globules into smaller globules (emulsification)

21
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores bile and releases it when needed

22
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces a whole host of enzymes (amylase, protease and lipase) that help digestion. Its secretions also help neutralise stomach acid

23
Q

Small intestine

A

Absorption of digested nutrients. Also produces amylase, protease and lipase.

24
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorption of water from undigested food

25
Q

Rectum

A

Storage of faeces

26
Q

Peristalsis

A

Name given to the muscle contractions of the intestines that move food along.

27
Q

Egestion

A

Removing digestive waste

28
Q

Role of kidneys

A

Remove urea from blood
Adjust body ion concentrations
Adjust body water content

29
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

The body does not produce enough insulin, causes dangerously high blood glucose, treated with insulin injections

30
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Insensitivity to insulin, high blood glucose, linked to poor fitness and obesity.
Managed with insulin injections, diet and exercise

31
Q

What is the thermoregulatory centre of the brain?

A

The hypothalamus

32
Q

Thyroxine

A

Released by thyroid gland

Regulated metabolism, heart rate and digestion

33
Q

Testosterone

A

Produced in testes

Stimulate hair follicle growth in puberty and loss in adulthood

Enlarges larynx

34
Q

FSH

A

Stimulates maturation of eggs for ovulation

35
Q

Oestrogen

A

Repairs and thickens uterus lining

Oestrogen inhibits FSH and LH release

36
Q

LH

A

Stimulates ovulation

37
Q

Progesterone

A

Maintains the uterus lining

Thins uterus lining and thickens mucus at uterus entrance

Makes zygote implantation and egg fertilisation unlikely

38
Q

What two hormones are normally used in contraception?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

BMAT Biology (11 decks)

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