Animal Responses

Question 1

parts of the NS

Answer 1

CNS and PNS

Question 2

CNS

Answer 2

.brain and spinal cord

Question 3

PNS

Answer 3

.all nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Question 4

parts of PNS

Answer 4

somatic and autonomic NS

Question 5

SomaticNS

Answer 5

.controlled voluntary
.voluntary muscle movements

Question 6

autonomic NS

Answer 6

.controlled subconsciously
.involuntary activites e.g. heartbeat and digestion

Question 7

autonomicNS parts

Answer 7

sympatheticNS
parasympatheticNS

Question 8

sympatheticNS

Answer 8

.activates fight or flight
.increases activity levels
.uses adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 9

parasympathetic NS

Answer 9

.activates rest and digest response
.decreases activity levels
.use acetycholine

Question 10

hypothalamus

Answer 10

.just below the middle part

.regulates body temp by sensing changes and initiating responses e.g. sweating/shivering

.monitors and regulates the conc of water and glucose in blood

.regulates hormone secrection from pituitary gland

Question 11

cerebrum

Answer 11

.top part of brain

.processes sensory input e.g vision and hearing

.involved in learining, memory and higher-level thinking

Question 12

pituitary gland

Answer 12

.below hypothalamus
.produces, stores and secretes hormones

Question 13

medulla oblongata

Answer 13

.stem part

.regulates breathing, heart and blood pressure
.controls autonomic NS functions

Question 14

cerebellum

Answer 14

.under cerebrum

.coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
.maintains posture, balance and involuntary muscular movement

Question 15

stages of a reflex arc

Answer 15

.stimulus to sensory to relay to motor to effector then response

Question 16

knee-jerk reflex

Answer 16

.spinal reflex that causes leg to kick when tapped just below the knee

.helps maintain posture and balance

Question 17

what makes reflex arcs important

Answer 17

.they are involuntary
.rapid
.protective
.innate

Question 18

skeletal muscle

Answer 18

.muscles attached to bones to move parts of the body

Question 19

cardiac muscle

Answer 19

muscles in the heart that circulates blood

Question 20

smooth muscle

Answer 20

.in walls of hollow organs
.moves substances through organs

Question 21

differences between the muscle types

Answer 21

.skeletal and cardiac are striated and smooth isnt

.cardiac and smooth have multiple nuclei per fibre and skeletal only has one

.cardiac and smooth are involuntary muscles and skeletal is voluntary

.skeletal and smooth are neurogenic whereas cardiac is myogenic

Question 22

key components of skeletal muscle

Answer 22

.sarcolemma - cell-surface membrane

.sarcoplasm- cytoplasm

.T tubules- extensions of sarcolemma that transmit electrical signals to ensure that the whole muscle contracts simultaneously

.sarcoplasmic reticulum- ER that stores and releases Ca2+

.myofibrils- subcellular structure designed for contraction

.multiple nuclei- as many cells form to make one fibre

.many mito - to release energy for muscle contraction

Question 23

structure of myofibrils

Answer 23

.core of the muscle fibre and contain organised bundles of protein filaments

Question 24

structure of sacromere

Answer 24

.repeat to form myofibrils

.myosin filaments- thick filaments composed of long rod shape and heads that project to the side

.actin filament- thin filament consisting of two strands twisted around each other

Question 25

sections of sarcomere

Answer 25

.A band = dark band where myosin and actin filaments are .I band = light band where actin filaments are .z lines = boundaries of a sarcomere unit .m line = central line of sarcomere .H zone = lighter part of A band where only myosin filament is

Question 26

myosin filament

Answer 26

.hinge for movement .globular head for binding to actin and ATP(contains 2heads)

Question 27

actin filament

Answer 27

.actin-myosin binding site for the myosin head .tropomyosin and troponin proteins are attached to regulate the binding

Question 28

changes to sarcomere during contraction

Answer 28

.I band and H zone shorten due to increased overlap of actin and myosin filaments .A band remains the same size

Question 29

sliding filament theory

Answer 29

.Ca2+ bind to troponin altering its shape .this moves tropomyosin away from actins binding site making it available for myosin .myosin heads attach to exposed actin filaments forming actin-myosin cross bridges .myosin performs a power stroke pulling the actin filament along releasing ADP .ATP binds to myosin head causing it to detach from actin .Ca2+ activates ATPase breaking down ATP into ADP and phosphate releasing energy .the energy resets the myosin head to its original positon

Question 30

energy resources for muscle contraction

Answer 30

.aerobic respiration .anaerobic respiration .ATP-creatine phosphate system

Question 31

neuromuscular junction

Answer 31

.where motor neurone meets skeletal muscle .distributed along the muscle so it all contracts at the same time

Question 32

stages of neuromuscular transmission

Answer 32

.AP arrives at the end of neurone .triggers opening of Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ enters neurone .causes acetycholine vesicles to release their contents into the synaptic cleft .acetycholine diffuses through the cleft .acetycholine binds to receptors on sarcolemma leading to opening of sodium ion channels .results in depolarisation of the sarcolemma

Question 33

role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction

Answer 33

.depolarisation into muscle fibre through T-tubules .tubules intereact with sarcoplasmic reticulum causing Ca2+ channels to open