cloning and biotechnology CLASS

Question 1

what is a clone

Answer 1

gene, cells or organisms that are genetically identical as they are derived from the same original DNA

Question 2

clones via asexual reproduction in eukaryotes

Answer 2

.clones are formed through miosis
.common for single celled and plants but not for animals

plant e.g. potato tubers, strawberry runners

animal e.g. budding in hydra and parthenogenesis

Question 3

clones via asexual reproduction in prokaryotes

Answer 3

.clones formed via binary fission
.common

Question 4

pros for asexual reproduction

Answer 4

.quick
.all offspring adapted to environment if the enviro dont change
.possible when sexual repro isnt
.takes advantage of resources

Question 5

cons for asexual reproduction

Answer 5

.no genetic variation
.what if enviro changes e.g. disease

Question 6

how are identical twins clones

Answer 6

.identical twins are natural clones formed by the embryo splitting

Question 7

what are the two artificial methods for clonning animals

Answer 7

.artificial embryo spliting = results in artificial identical twins

.somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)= uses enucleated eggs

Question 8

process for artificial embryo splitting

Answer 8

.eggs and sperm are collected from the high value female and male

.the eggs and sperm are puting into in vitro fertilisation

.in vitro grows into a 16-cell embryo

.the 16-cell embryo is split into separate segments and is implanted into surrogate mothers

.each giving birth to a clone which are genetically diff to their parents but identical to each other

Question 9

process for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Answer 9

.mammary cells are removed from the udder of one sheep
.ovum from and other sheep is collected

.nucleus is removed from the egg forming a enculeate ovum

.combine the enculeare ovum with the mammary cells via electro-fusion

.put the culture into oviduct of a sheep

.recover the early embryo and implant into surrogate mother uterus

Question 10

clones from SCNT

Answer 10

.have nuclear DNA from the donor of nuclear material

.have mitochondrial DNA from the enucleated ovum

Question 11

pros for cloning animals

Answer 11

.can clone large num of animals quick e.g. endangered or disirable

.can be done at any time

.can clone tissues to treat diseases

Question 12

cons for cloning animals

Answer 12

.hard to do , takes time and expensive
.welfare of animals
.monoculture
.long term health concern

Question 13

what do rhizomes do

Answer 13

stems that grow horizontally underground

e.g bamboo

Question 14

stolens/runners

Answer 14

stems that grow horizontally above ground

e.g. spider plants and strawberry plants

Question 15

suckers

Answer 15

shoot grow up from buds on shallow roots

e.g. elm

Question 16

tubers

Answer 16

.large underground structure that act as food stores

.covered in eyes that can form new plants

e.g. potatoes

Question 17

bulbs

Answer 17

underground food stores e.g onions

Question 18

what is stem cutting

Answer 18

when the section of stem is cut between leaf nodes
.then trim lower leaves off
.then dip in plant hormones

e.g. roses

Question 19

root cuting

Answer 19

same as above but with a bit of root

Question 20

what is leaf cutting

Answer 20

.remove leaf and score the veins on the the lower surface using a scalpel

.put leaf vien facing down on compost and a new plant should form from each break in vein

Question 21

what is grafting

Answer 21

.short section of woody plant is joined to an already growing root and stem (rootstock)

.vascular tissue must be lined up

.add bindings until growth is supportive

Question 22

cons for cuttings and grafting

Answer 22

.cant produce large num
.some plants dont reproduce well from the method

Question 23

what is tissue culture

Answer 23

separation of cell an their growth on a nutrient medium

Question 24

pros for tissue cultures

Answer 24

.large num of clones
.rapid reproduction
.develop a disease free stock
.small amount of parent material

Question 25

process of micropropagation

Answer 25

.cells taken from shoot tip with sterile forceps .cells are put into nutrient agar plate with shoot-stimulating hormones .they grow into plantlets and are planted into compost

Question 26

reasons for culturing microorganisms

Answer 26

.creates large num of microorganisms .collection of metabolites

Question 27

what is controlled in fermentation vessels

Answer 27

.temp .pH .oxy .nutrient conc .contamination

Question 28

what is batch fermentation

Answer 28

.culture is grown and removed from vessel .vessel is sterilised .diff batch of microorganisms is grown in vessel .closed culture

Question 29

what is continuous fermentation

Answer 29

.culture is continually grown in vessel .nutrients added in .waste products removed

Question 30

lag phase in growth cuve in closed culture

Answer 30

.pop size is constant .microoganisms are synthesising enzymes, activating genes and biosynthesis .active but repro is slow

Question 31

exponential phase/log in in growth cuve in closed culture

Answer 31

.pop size increases rapidly .plenty of nutrients available and little comp for space .num of microo double regularly

Question 32

stationary phase in growth cuve in closed culture

Answer 32

.pop size is constant .death rate = repro rate .microo die due to limited food or toxic waste accumulate

Question 33

decline phase in growth cuve in closed culture

Answer 33

.pop size decrease .death rate > repro rate .increased microo death due to limited food and waste being toxic

Question 34

growth curve for continuous fermentation

Answer 34

.only lag and log/exponential phase

Question 35

what are primary metabolites

Answer 35

.produced by an organism via normal growth e.g. AA, proteins, nucleic acids, ethanol .production = growth of pop .continuous fermentation is good for primary production

Question 36

secondary metabolites

Answer 36

.produced by an organism not as part of normal growth .usually to protect limited resources e.g. penicillin, streptomycin .production begins after main growth phase of pop .batch is good for secondary